HomeMy WebLinkAbout2019-03-14 Board of Health Minutes North Andover Board of Health
Meeting Minutes
'I'likirsday--Mara 14, 2019
7:00 p.m.
120 Main Street,2"1 Floor Selectmen's Meeting Room
North Andover, MA 01845
Present: Frank MacMillan Jr.,Joseph McCarthy,Michelle Davis,Daplinee Alva-LaFleur,Patrick Scanlon,
Brian LaGrasse,Toni K.Wolfenden,Suzanne Egan
I. CALL TO ORDER
The meeting was called to order at 7:03 pro.
II. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
Ill. PUBLIC HEARINGS
IV. APPROVAL OF MINUTES
V. OLD BUSINESS
V1. NEW BUSINESS
V11. COMMUNICATIONS,ANNOUNCEMENTS,AND DISCUSSION
Dr.Francis P.MacMillan,Jr. Chairman of the Board of Health, explains to the town residents that the
Board of Health is a regulatory body that is required to hold its meetings in public. The Board of Health
has a regular meeting schedule. This is an additional meeting called at the request of the Planning Board to
provide the Board of Health's advice on public health matters that they wish to consider regarding the
artificial turf fields project. Dr.MacMillan explains that the Planning Board has primary responsibility for
the field's project and the Board of Health does not have jurisdiction over the review of the project. At this
point,the Board of Health will honor the Planning Boards request to advise them on the artificial turf
fields. All public comments regarding the artificial turf fields should be directed to the Planning Board at
their next scheduled meeting on Tuesday March 19,2019.
Brian LaGrasse,Director of Public Health provided the Board of Health with packets of information
gathered from EPA(Environmental Protection Agency),Massachusetts Department of Public
Health/Bureau of Environmental Health,New York State Department of Health,California Environmental
Protection Agency,and The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human
Services Department of Public Health. This information gathered provided the Board with a synopsis of all
the research and papers that have been done and published so far. (see attached)
To date,Brian LaGrasse has not found any information that concludes there is any significant risk with the
turf fibers or crumb rubber if the turf is properly constructed and maintained. The EPA started a study a
2019 North Andover Board of Health Meeting Page I of 4
Board of Health Members:Dr.Francis P.MacMillan,Jr.,MD,Chairman/Town Physician;Joseph McCarthy,Member/Clerk;
Michelle Davis,RN,Member;Daphnee Alva-LaFleur,Member;Patrick Scanlon,DO,Member Health Department Staff:
Brian LaGrasse,Health Director;Caroline Ibbitson,Public Health Nurse;Toni K.Wolfenden,Health Department Assistant
while ago on artificial turf. Their original synopsis and interpretation of the data was that there was no
significant risk. The EPA began a new multi-year study that is still ongoing however,the public comment
period was closed out on February 25,2019. This report is in the process of being written, and the data has
not yet been published.
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health has provided a fact sheet about artificial turf fields(ATF)
dated February 2019.The sheet provides information on: what the fields are made of;what chemicals are in
the fields and concerns. ATF's are made from recycled car or truck tires. There are natural and man-made
substances used during the tire manufacturing and some of these chemicals have been found in the crumb
rubber infill. These include volatile organic compounds(VOCs), semi-VOCs(SVOCs)such as polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and metals such as lead,which are considered carcinogens. The
conclusion was that adverse health effects from using ATFs are unlikely,however studies are still going on
but everything right now points to the same conclusion. The fact sheet also talks about injuries and
bacteria. Some common mitigation strategies with AFT are: to use something other than crumb rubber,
like TPE,which is a type of plastic verses a rubber,and using a lighter color Thermoplastic Elastomer
(TPE)or turf to reduce high temperatures.
Joseph McCarthy explains that although he prefers natural grass fields,that doesn't mean there is a problem
with ATF. There are pros and cons. Crumb rubber which is finely ground rubber tires. Cons—it is black
and retains heat. The temperatures on the fields can be very high. TPE—comes in different colors lighter
colors are generally cooler.
Frank MacMillan discusses the findings in the New York State Department of Health-Information about
Crumb-Rubber.Infilled Synthetic Turf Athletic Fields. Dr. MacMillan refers to page 7 which summarizes
the turf fields into areas of concerns:heat stress,injury,infection, latex allergy,chemical exposures and
cancer. To help with heat problems,the summary explains to people to remain hydrated and seek relief
from the beat in shaded areas. Injuries,there are no consistent differences between natural grass fields and
synthetic fields. Skin cuts and abrasions can result from both natural and synthetic fields and both are
susceptible to infections. Clean wounds;avoid sharing equipment,razors,towels,soap and other objects
with others to reduce the spread of germs. There are no known cases of latex allergy resulting from contact
with crumb rubber or synthetic turf fields. Studies show that the potential for chemical exposures from
crumb rubber is low,however further studies by the federal government and California are underway to fill
gaps in data and to help decrease uncertainties. Currently, California and Washington State have not found
support for cancer associations with AFT use,assessments do not support a cancer risk but at the same
time,Dr. MacMillan wants to take mitigation matters whenever possible.
Michelle Davis has spent significant time reviewing materials provided and researching the topic of
Artificial Turf Fields. She discovered that it was difficult finding significant research to make a sound
decision. Studies are limited. Ms. Davis did find that health boards do not endorse any specific consumer
products.
Joseph McCarthy discusses the Testimony of Dr. Diana Zuckerman before the Maryland House of
Delegates Appropriations Committee on the Health Risks of Artificial Turf. This is an opposing view of
artificial fields. Mr.McCarthy expresses concerns about the report's validity.
The Board of Health recommendations about ATF:
• Mitigate wherever possible and feasible
• No lead or low lead products
• Research TPE(thermoplastic elastomer)and alternatives
• Follow up with action items
• The Board of Health will not endorse a consumer product
MOTION made by Michelle Davis to submit the opinion of the Board of Health to Planning Board for the
next public hearing. Seconded by Patrick Scanlon and all were in favor. (5-0-0)
VIII. CORRESPONDENCE/NEWSLETTERS
Ix. ADJOURNMENT
MOTION made by Michelle Davis to adjourn the meeting. Joseph McCarthy seconded the motion and all
were in favor.The meeting adjourned at 7:30 pm.
North Andover Board of Health
Meeting Minutes
Thursday--M arcli 14, 2019
7:00 p.m.
120 Main Street,2"1 Floor Selectmen's Meeting Room
North Andover, MA 01845
Prepared by:
Toni K. Wolfenden, Health Dept.Assistant
Reviewed b :
All Board of Health Members&Brian LaGrasse, Health Director
Signed b
�3 A�,
Josjeph Clerk oj'the Bo Date Signed
2019 North Andover Board of Health Meeting Page 3 of 4
Board of Health Members:Dr.Francis P.MacMillan,Jr.,MD,Chairman/Town Physician;Joseph McCarthy,Member/Clerk;
Michelle Davis,RN,Member;Daphnee Alva-LaFleur,Member;Patrick Scanlon,DO,Member Health Department Staff:
Brian LaGrasse,Health Director;Caroline Ibbitson,Public Health Nurse;Toni K.Wolfenden,Health Department Assistant
Documents Used at Meeting:
Meeting Agenda—March 14,2019
Email from Brian LaGrasse to Monica Gregoire—Monday January 28,2019
EPA—Federal Research on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields
EPA—Federal Research Action Plan on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields and Playgrounds Status
Report
EPA—Science in Action Innovative Research for a Sustainable Future—Federal Research Action Plan on
Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields and Playgrounds
Massachusetts Department of Public Health Bureau of Environmental Health—Artificial Turf Fields
New York State Department of Health—Information about Crumb-Rubber Infilled Synthetic Turf Athletic Fields
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Health letter to Needham Board of Health—April 29,
2008
California Environmental Protection Agency—Environmental Health Study of Synthetic Turf—August 2016
Update
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Health letter to Medway Board of Health—March 23,
2015
Testimony of Dr.Diana Zuckerman before the Maryland House of Delegates Appropriations Committee on the
Health Risks of Artificial Turf—Diana Zuckerman,PhD,National Center for Health Research,-February
8,2018
North Andover Board of Health
Meeting Agenda
Thursday, March 14, 2019
7:00 p.m.
120 Main Street,2,d Floor Selectmen's Meeting Room
North Andover,MA 01845
I. CALL TO ORDER
IT. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
Ill. APPROVAL OF MINUTES
TV. PUBLIC HEARINGS
V. OLD BUSINESS
V1. NEW BUSINESS
V11. COMMUNICATIONS,ANNOUNCEMENTS,AND DISCUSSION
A. Artificial Turf Fields
VITT. CORRESPONDENCE/NEWSLETTERS
IX. ADJOURNMENT
2019 North Andover Board of Health Meeting—Meeting Agenda Page I of 1
Note: The Board of Health reserves the right to take items out of order and to discuss and/or vote on items that are not listed on
the agenda.
Board of Health Members: Dr.Frank MacMillan,Jr.,Chairman/Town Physician;Joseph McCarthy,Member/Clerk;Michelle
Davis,RN,Member;Daphnee Alva-LaFleur,Member;Patrick Scanlon,D.O.,Member Health Department Staff-Brian
LaGrasse,Health Director;Caroline Ibbitson,Public Health Nurse;Toni K.Wolfenden,Health Department Assistant
3M2/2018 _ Town of North Andover Mail-Re:Department Review-495 Main Street Recreational Complex
NORTHBrianLaGnasse<b|ognaese@northandovenna.gov>
Massactrusetts
Re: Department Review ~ /&95 Main Street Recreational Complex
Imessaa
BhanLoGrmsse<hlagraume@nodhundovermo.Aov> Mon, Jan 2@' 2D1get2:42PK4
To: Monica Gregoire <mgrogoiru@nodhandwvanna.Qov>
Thanks Monica. I took a look at the plans and proposal and just have one comment regarding the components and
materials that will be used for the construction the artificial turf fields (ATF)and "poured in place rubber safety surface"in
the playground. The Board of Health would just like to ensure that any rubberized pellets and other components used for
these areas meet the standards set forth in the Consumer Product Safety and Improvement Act. The lead limit ia set ai
100 pprn and components used in construction should be certified as no or low lead concentrations. |thinkthiamaybe
standard practice inATF construction now but just want hobesure. A study done a few years ago found a/Q-IFwith
extremely high lead levels in the turf fiber used in construction.
Also the concession stand being proposed should go through a plan review with the Health Department sooner rather
than later. Design layout, scope of operation and material finishes should be approved and determined as soon as
possible.
Thanks and let ma know if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
Brian
On Wed, Jan Q. 201QatA:22 AM Monica Gregoire <rnDreQoire@nor,thandmverma.0ov>wrote:
Good Morning,
An application has been submitted to Planning for a recreational complex at 495 Main Street. The project includes the
construction of athletic fields,tennis courts, picnic areas, associated parking areas, walkways and
emergency/maintenance access paths. The Property is located in the Residential 4(R4)Zoning District. Please review
the attached application and provide feedback no later than the close of Business on Tuesday,January 15th. P|aaam
do not hesitate to contact meif you have any questions urconcerns.
Thank you,
Monica
Recreation Complex ~General and Specific Requi..
Recreation Complex Permitting Plans 12-20~18.pdf
pAf
Recreation Complex SWPPP& EC Pban12~20~18.pdf
Site Plan Review Special Permit Application Sta...
Site Plan Review Special Permit App|ication.pdf
_
Monica Gregoire
Stuff Planner
Planning Department
Town of North Andover
hupa://mai|.Qoog|e.com/noi|/u0vik=2cS4e73G12&view=pt&seamh=aU8pe,mthid=thmad-f`&3Ai82218u965085883074`/`7Cmag-aY�3Ap783412m898z8... 1C2
3/12/2019 Town of North Andover Mail-Re:Department Review-495 Main Street Recreational Complex
120 Main Street
North Andover, MA 01845
Phone (978)688-9535
Fax ( 78)688--9542
Email mgi,egoire@northandoverma.gov
northandoverma.gov
Web www,northandoverma.gov
Hours of Operation: Monday, Wednesday, Thursday 8 AM -4:30 PM
Tuesday 8 AM -6 PM, Friday 8 AM-12 PM
Brian J. LaGrasse, CEHT
Director of Public Health
Town of North Andover
120 Main Street
North Andover, MA 01845
Phone 978.688.9540
Fax 978.688.8476
Email blagi-asse@northandoverma.gov
Web www.northandoveriiia.gov
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3/6/019 Federal Research on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields I Safer Chemicals Research I US EPA
An official website of the United States government,
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may be able to find it on the El'A Web Archive or the January 19,2017 Web Snapshot.
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Background
Concerns have been raised by the public about the safety of recycled rubber tire
crumb used in synthetic turf fields and playgrounds in the United States. We know
people are concerned and players and their families want answers. Limited studies
:have not shown an elevated health risk from playing on fields with tire crumb, but -
the existing studies do not comprehensively evaluate the concerns about health
risks from exposure to tire crumb. We are convnitted to supporting more
comprehensive efforts to assess risks from tine crumb.
That's why on February 12, 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection.Agency
(EPA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and the Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC) launched a multi-agency Federal Research.Action Plan on
Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields and Playgrounds to study key
environmental and human health questions.
Federal Research
This coordinated Federal Research Action Plan on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on
Playing Fields and Playgrounds includes outreach to key stakeholders, such as
athletes and parents, and seeks to;
• Fill important data and knowledge gaps.
• Characterize constituents of recycled tire crumb.
• Identify ways in which people may be exposed to tire crumb based on their
activities on the fields.
The study has four parts;
httos.//www.eoa.aov/chemical-research/federal-research-recvcled-tire-crumb-used-olavino-fields 1/4
3/6/2019 Federal Research on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields I Safer Chemicals Research I US EPA
• Literature Review/Gap Analysis (EPA and CDC/ATSDR)
• Tire Crumb Characterization (EPA and CDC/ATSDR)
• Exposure Characterization Study (EPA and CDC/ATSDR)
• Playground Study (Consumer Product Safety Commission)
Status
The collection and analysis of samples for the exposure and tire crumb
characterization parts of the study are now complete. EPA and CDC/ATSDR
drafted the report which is now undergoing technical peer review.
For the tire crumb characterization part of the study, tire crumb samples were
gathered from tire crumb manufacturing/recycling plants and from indoor
and outdoor fields across the country. Samples were gathered from nine tire
crumb manufacturing/recycling plants and 40 fields.
For the exposure characterization part of the study, on August 2, 2017, the Office
of Management and Budget(OMB) approved the Information Collection Request
for the continuation of the exposure characterization study. With the OMB
approval, the EPA and CDC/ATSDR team were able to complete the field work
associated with the exposure characterization in the Fall of 2017. During the
exposure characterization field work, EPA and CDC/ATSDR visited several fields
to collect exposure information to better characterize people's exposure to tire
crumbs. Activity information from field users who elected to participate in the
study was also gathered.
Prior to the August 2017 OMB approval, the exposure characterization portion of
the study as outlined in the Federal Research Action Plan was posted for public
comment in February 2017.An additional requirement of a 30-day Federal
Register Notice, along with the Information Collection Request package was
published on June 12, 2017 .
On December 30, 2016, the agencies released a status report describing the
progress of the research to date. The status report includes the final peer-reviewed
Literature Review/Gaps Analysis report and describes the progress to date on
other research activities that are part of the effort including: Characterization of
the chemicals found in tire crumb; Characterization of the exposure scenarios for
those who use turf fields containing tire crumb; Study to better understand how
children use playgrounds containing tire crumb and; Outreach to key
stakeholders. The status report does not include research findings. (See sidebar for
links to the Federal Register Notices and 2016 Status Report).
While this effort won't provide all the answers about whether synthetic turf fields
are safe, it represents the first time that such a large study is being conducted
across the U.S. The study will provide a better understanding of potential
exposures that athletes and others may experience and will help answer some of
the key questions that have been raised.
Timeline
The draft report on the Federal Research Action Pan on Recycled Tire Crumb
Used on Playing Fields and Playgrounds (FRAP) was sent for external peer-
review in May 2018. The US EPA and CDC/ATSDR are currently working to
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3/6/2019 Federal Research on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields I Safer Chemicals Research I US EPA
address peer review comments, The Agencies plan to release the report in two
parts, The first part summarizing the Tire Crumb Rubber Characterization Study
will be released for public comment in early 2019. Currently, CDC/ATSDR is
initiating a full biomonitoring study to investigate potential exposure to
constituents in tire crumb rubber infill. The information from the biornonitoring
study will be released for public comment, along with information collected as
part of the TRAP Exposure Characterization Study, at a later date. The timeline
and information about the study is and will continue to be posted to this website.
With respect to the bionionitoring study, CDC/ATSDR has posted a 60-day
Federal Register Notice inviting comment on the proposed supplemental data
collection, "Exposure Characterization and Measurements during Activities
Conducted on Synthetic Turf Fields with Tire Crumb Rubber Infill." Vuerg
Existing Research and Information
WAI e;q4k'J
,j Other federal, state, and local government agencies have conducted limited
studies on artificial turf fields. For example, from 2009-2011, New York City and
the states of New York, Connecticut and New Jersey conducted studies on tire
crumb infill and synthetic turf.
Also, in 2008 and 2009 the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the
Uj
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry evaluated synthetic turf"grass 0
blades" in response to concerns about lead exposure. Their evaluations estimated �a �qt
that any potential releases of toxic chemicals from the grass blades, such as lead, tK
would be below levels of concern. In 2008, EPA conducted a limited Scoping-
Level Field Monitoring Study of Synthetic Turf Fields and Playgrounds. The
purpose of the limited study was to test a method for measuring possible
emissions from using synthetic turf on playgrounds and ball fields, not to
determine the potential health risks of recycled tire crumb in playgrounds or in
synthetic turf athletic fields.
Public and Stakeholder Engagement
Federal Register Notice: Comment on proposed supplemental
sample collections - Closes 2/25/2019
• International Society of Exposure Science Meeting,Presentations
• 201.7 Federal.Register Notice: Public Comment and Federal
Responses
• 30-day-Eederal Register Notice: Comment on Information Collection
Request for Characterization of Exposure Potential during Activities
Conducted on Synthetic Turf with Crumb Rubber Itifill- Closed on
July 12, 2017
* fiQ:Agy Federal Register Notice: Comment on-roposed and/or
continuing sample collections - Closed April 1.1, 2017
* 2016 Federal. Register Notice: Public Comment and Federal
Responses
* Apri.l 2016 Webmar Recording: Overview of the Federal Research
Action Plan.
3/6/2019 Federal Research on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields I Safer Chemicals Research US EPA
Study Documents
• December 2016 Status Re-port: Federal Research Action Plan on
Recycled Tire Crumb
• Research Protocol and Study Design
* Federal Research Action Plan on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on
Playing Fields and Playgrounds
L grou
* 2008 EPA Limited Scop -Level Field Monitoring d o Lnag 9 Stu
—Y Qf-- -
Synthetic Turf Fields and Playground,,,,
Related Links
• Tire Crumb Questions and Answers
• Government Organization Websites Related to the Use of Tire Ciunib
on Fields and Playgrounds
LAST UPDATED ON DECEMBER 26,2018
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Prepared By:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (CDC/ATSDR)2
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSQ/Directorate for Health Sciences 3
Disclaimer:
This document has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,the
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the Consumer Product Safety
Commission and approved for release.
Any mention of trade names,products, or services does not imply an endorsement by the
US Government.
US EPA Contact:Monica Linnenbrink—jtirt�l
2 CDC/ATSDR Contact: 1-800-CDC-INFO(1-800-232-4636)or visit CDC-INFO website at
littT)s://vvNvwii,edc.p-ov/des/('ontactC,Js/1-'ot-m.Reference Tire Crumb Research Status Report or visit the ATSDR webpage titled:
Federal Research Action Plan on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields and Playgrounds at
L1ttpS://NyNyAV
CPSC Contact:Eric Hooker- .. (I
..........
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^
Table of Contents
i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................1
�
U. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................6 �
ULSTAKEHOLDER OUTREACH..........................................................................................................7 �
K( STATUS OF ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................8
k INDUSTRY OVERVIEW................ - ....... ................................. ........... ......................................8
B. UTERATUREREN ANALYSIS OVERVIEW..................... ....... ......................... ....................15
C. DATA COLLECTION FOR SYNTHETIC TURF FIELDS/SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY T0 DATE................................18
D. RECYCLED TIRE MATERIALS|N PLAYGROUND SURFACES............................................................. ......25
V. NEXT STEPS AND TIMELINE ......................................................................................................2O
V1. REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................29
APPENDICES......................................................................................................................................34
APPEN Dix A-STAKEHOLDER OUTREACH... ..................... -.................................................................35
APPENDIX B-STATE-OF-THE-5[|ENCE LITERATURE REV|pm/RAPs ANALYSIS........................ ......................99
APPENDIX C-DATA COLLECTION FOR SYNTHETIC TURF FIELDS/SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY T0 DATE..... ............135
APPENDIX D-PLAYGROUND SURFACES WITH RECYCLED TIRE MATERIALS.................................................149
ii
I. Executive Summary
Over the past several years,parents, athletes, schools, and communities have raised concerns
about the safety of recycled tire crumb rubber used as infill for playing fields and playgrounds in
the United States. The public has expressed concerns that the use of these fields could potentially
be related to certain health effects. Studies to date have not shown an elevated health risk from
playing on fields with tire crumb rubber, but these studies have limitations and do not
comprehensively evaluate the concerns about health risks from exposure to tire crumb rubber.
Synthetic turf field systems were initially introduced in the 1960s. Currently,there are between
12,000 and 13,000 synthetic turf recreational fields in the United States, with 1,200— 1,500 new
installations each year(STC et al., 2016). Synthetic turf fields are installed at municipal and
county parks; schools, colleges and universities; professional team stadiums and practice fields;
and military installations. Potentially millions of people are estimated to use these fields,
including professional and college athletes,youth athletes in school or other athletic
organizations, coaches,team and facility staff, referees, fans, bystanders and local communities.
On February 12, 2016,the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (CDC/ATSDR) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)4, in collaboration with the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)', released a
Federal Research Action Plan on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields and Playgrounds
(FRAP)6. The purpose of the FRAP is to study key questions concerning the potential for human
exposure resulting from the use of tire crumb rubber in playing fields and playgrounds. This kind
of information is important for any follow up evaluation of risk that might be performed.
The FRAP includes outreach to key stakeholders to obtain information to fill important data
gaps, research to characterize constituents of tire crumb made from recycled tire rubber, studies
to identify ways in which people may be exposed to tire crumb rubber based on their activities
on the fields, and an analysis of existing scientific literature on the topic.
Prior to initiating the study, federal researchers developed a research protocol, Collections
Related to Synthetic Turf Fields with Crumb Rubber Infill',which describes the study's
objectives, research design, methods, data analysis techniques, and quality assurance/quality
control measures in place to ensure the integrity of the following components of the research:
• literature review and data gaps analysis;
• tire crumb rubber characterization research;
• human exposure characterization research.
4 The specific roles of EPA and CDC/ATSDR are provided in the FRAP
I This report includes contributions written by the CPSC staff and has not been reviewed and/or approved by,and may not
necessarily reflect the views of,the Commission.
I The FRAP is available through the Tire Crumb website:LwAYw. goy/firecruirib
ML
'The research protocol is available through the Tire Crumb website:\y
Federal Research Action Plan on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields
and Playgrounds
Background
Concerns have been raised by the public about the safety of recycled tire crumb used in playing fields
and playgrounds in the United States. Limited studies have not shown an elevated health risk from
playing on fields with tire crumb, but the existing studies do not comprehensively evaluate the concerns
about health risks from exposure to tire crumb.
Federal Research
Because of the need for additional information, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA),the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR), and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) are launching a multi-agency
action plan to study key environmental human health questions. This coordinated federal action includes
outreach to key stakeholders, such as athletes and parents, and seeks to fill important data and
knowledge gaps, characterize constituents of recycled tire crumb, and identify ways in which people may
be exposed to tire crumb based on their activities on the fields. The Federal Research Action Plan
includes numerous activities, including research studies.While additional research questions may require
evaluation beyond this year, the information will help answer some of the key questions that have been
raised.
Objectives
The specific objectives of this research effort are to:
• Determine key knowledge gaps.
• Identify and characterize chemical compounds found in tire crumb used in artificial turf fields and
playgrounds.
• Characterize exposures, or how people are exposed to these chemical compounds based on
their activities on the fields.
• Identify follow-up activities that could be conducted to provide additional insights about potential
risks.
Research Summary
Conduct Data and Knowledge Gap Analysis:The Agencies will evaluate the existing scientific
information related to recycled tire crumb used in artificial turf fields and other types of playing fields to
build on current understanding of the state-of-the-science and inform the research activities.
Outreach to Key Stakeholders, Including Parents and State Agencies: EPA, ATSDR, and CPSC will
convene discussions with members of the public and organizations with an interest in studying tire crumb.
These parties have ongoing tire crumb studies or can provide expertise to inform the federal study. The
agencies will meet with:
• Athletes,parents, and coaches to get first-hand perspectives on potential exposures.
1
° Government agencies to discuss the federal research, oharena|evontinfnnnationfnom
state-level atudieo, request support, and identify current best practices for minimizing
exposures. One important state partner iaCalifornia. California's Office ofEnvironmental
Health Hazard Assessment has an in-depth tire crumb study underway. This study includes a
series of scientific studies to determine if chemicals in tire crumb can potentially be released
under various environmental conditions and what, if any, exposures or health risks these
potential releases may pose to players who frequently play on artificial fields constructed with
tire crumb. The evaluation includes expert solicitation and stakeholder participation to help
guide the design and EPA and other federal agencies are actively engaged in that process.
• Industry representatives to better understand the manufacturing process and use
parameters for recycled tire crumb used in artificial turf and for recycled tire-derived
playground surface materials.
Testing ofTire Crumb to Characterize Chemicals, Potential Emissions, and Toxicity. The agencies
will test different types of tire crumb. These tests—along with existing scientific information from the
literature—will help us better understand the tire crumb materials. For example, this will help the
scientists working on this effort to understand chemicals that are found in tire crumb and might be emitted
from the material. It will also help us understand if chemicals can be released from tire crumb when a
person comes into contact with them—forexamp|e. when tire crumb comes in contact with sweat on the
skin or are accidentally ingested by athletes playing on turf fields. Once we better understand what
chemicals are in tire crumb,we will also be able to search existing databases of information to
understand the potential health effects of those chemicals. Some examples of research activities are
listed below.
• Based on information obtained through the efforts described above, evaluate various
manufacturing process (for example, the tire crumb manufacturing process and the tire-
derived p|aygnzundmurfac* mab*ha|smonufaoturingprocemn). inc|udinganana|yeisofthe
diversity of these processes, material blends, components of the material (metals, volatile
mndeemi'vo|ati|eo. particulate matter).
° Conduct laboratory analyses to characterize components of the chemicals in newer and older
(aged)tire crumb materials at different temperatures.
° Determine the rate at which tire crumb components are absorbed by the body using
simulations of biological processes in the |ab, for example simulations of activities in the
stomach oe well aa salivating and sweating.
• Evaluate potential cancer and non-cancer toxicity of key tire crumb constituents based on
existing databases ofinformation.
Launch Pilot-Scale Study to Characterize Exposure Under Use Conditions:The agencies will
conduct several activities to better understand potential exposures that may occur when individuals
frequently use artificial turf fields. Scientists will identify various exposure scenarios (ways in which people
may be exposed based on their activities on the fields) and then design and conduct a pilot-scale
exposure study to characterize people's exposures on these fields. This work will consider possible ways
that one may be exposed—including by breathing, accidentally ingesting, or physical contact with tire
crumb. Some examples of research activities are listed below.
� Develop exposure scenarios, paying particular attention to high-end exposure scenarios.
� Identify activity patterns for athletes and other relevant populations.
o Estimate nature, duration, and frequency ofexposures.
o Evaluate other relevant factors, such as the standard operation and maintenance of
thefie|da (e.g.. nap|acementofmateha|m. uaoofbiooidae) ondhovvthematerie|a
change over time.
° Design and conduct pilot-scale exposure study to characterize exposures on select playing
fie|da, considering all relevant routes of exposure(inha|sdion, dermal, oral).
2
'
° Develop methods, au necessary, for measuring exposure to both targeted and non-targeted
anakdee.
Public Comment Opportunities: Some studies that are part ofthis research plan are posted for public
comment through a Federal Register Notice (available at Regulation.Gov, search by docket number
Docket No.ATSDR-2016-0002). For example, one study that is part of the Federal Register Notice will
gather data from facilities with fields that contain tire crumb materials, and another study will gather
activity data from persons who routinely perform activities on artificial turf fields with tire crumb. The
number of fields that will be sampled as well as the number of field users who will be surveyed are
described in the Federal Register Notice. We encourage you to review the Federal Register Notice and
provide your comments.
Additional Research Activities:EPA, CDC/ATSDR, and CPSC have set an ambitious schedule for this
effort in 2016.A number of additional activities may also be initiated during this time, depending upon
further consideration of their value to the overall effort, their feasibility, the availability of resources, and
other factors.Additional research could include identifying potential biomarkerm of exposure, collecting
pna|iminarybiomonitoring data, analyzing samples of recycled tiro crumb used on playground aurfamam,
and evaluating the feasibility of conducting an epidemiologic study. CPSC is exploring conducting a
survey of parents to get first-hand perspectives on potential exposures from playground surface
materials. As part ofthis coordinated effort, CPSC plans to conduct additional work on the safety of
playgrounds.
Timeline amdDe|iVerab|as
By the end of 2016, the agencies anticipate releasing a draft status report that describes the preliminary
findings and conclusions of the research through that point in time. The draft status report will summarize
the agencies' progress in: (1) Identifying key constituents of concern in recycled tire crumb used in
artificial turf fields; (2)Aoeeaaing potential exposures to potentially harmful constituents; (3) Conducting
an initial evaluation of potential cancer and non-cancer toxicity of key chemical constituents; and (4)
Identifying follow-up activities that could be conducted to provide additional insights about potential risks.
The results of the preliminary work on recycled tire-derived playground surface materials will also be
described. The report will also outline any additional research needs and next steps.
More Information
Information and updates about this research will be posted to EPA's website—
`
AO artificial turf field /ATF\ kao popular alternative 0 Swallowing small amounts Of crumb rubber
to e O8tUr8| grass field because K requires ra|mbVe|y either while playing on the fields, Or
low maintenance. While most commonly used afterward, J hands are not washed.
outdoors, AFFs have also been installed indoors. |O * Skin contact with crumb rubber.
recent years, health concerns have been raised
about the safety ofATFs, especially with regard t0
potential exposure to chemicals found inATF CAN BE EXPOSED TQ LEAD WHEN PLAYING
components. This fact sheet provides infO[n0aiiOD ON ATFo?
about what ATFo are made Of and ways tosafely
Lead has been detected inthe crumb rubber Of
use them.
emnneATFs. However, since the number 0ffields
sampled for lead io very small, the results cannot
be generalized tO all ATFs. Some ATFs are also
WHAT ARE ATFs MADE OF? constructed with components that are certified ae
having low O[ OO |aod content. Using ATFmvvith this
/\TFs are typically composed of three layers— certification can help minimize exposure tolead.
gravel or stones at the bottom, infi|| in the center,
and artificial grass blades oO top. The grass blades
CAN EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS |NATFs
are made Df plastic. The infi|| layer tvpiu�||y' AFFECT K0Y" HEALTH*?
contains CnJOOb rubber made from recycled car and
truck tires. (Less frequently, infi|| materials can be At sufficiently high expoaunee, the chemicals found
entirely p|aDt-b@Sed). Non-plant based infi|| can be in crumb rubber can cause irritation of the eyes,
composed of crumb rubber exclusively or as a Rose, throat, and skin, as well as headaches,
mixture of crumb rubber and sand. The S3Dd helps nausea, and eV8D organ damage. Some PAHa may
stabilize the field, while the crumb rubber cushions also increase the risk Of developing cancer if
the surface and keeps gnBae blades upright. individuals are exposed to very high concentrations
over long periods of time. However, many factors
WHAT CHEMICALS ARE IN ATFs? determine whether exposure to chemicals through
Most often, the crumb rubber used in ATFs oonnee ATF usage can affect health. These include the
from neoyo|8d car or truck tires. K8@Oy D3tV[a| and amount, freqVeDcy, and duration of exposure; the
nnan'nn8de substances are used during tire amount 0fchemical absorbed into the body; and
manufacturing, and some of those chemicals have the sensitivity of an individual /e.g., children are
been found in orUDlb rubber infi||. These include generally more sensitive than adults).
volatile organic oonOp0Unda /VDCa\. semi-VC}CS
/SV(]Cs\ such as po|yCyC|io e[ornat|o hydrocarbons To d@te, scientific research largely has concluded
/PAHs\' and metals such as lead. that adverse h88|1h effects from using ATFa are
unlikely. While crumb rubber infiUcontains
CAN | BE EXPOSED TQ CHEMICALS WHILE potentially harmful chenDica|s, the concentrations
USING /\TFs? are generally below |exa|s of concern. Hovvever, it
is important to note that the research had various
There are several possible vv8yS to be exposed to limitations, such as the enO8U number of fields
the chemicals found in the CrVrnb rubber: tested. Furthermore, no studies have evaluated
� Breathing in vV|o1i|e chemicals or dust whether there is o relationship between disease
particles generated from the CrU0h rubber. outcomes and exposure to cFUUlb rubber in ATFa.
'
' .
`
IS RESEARCH ADDRESSING AJlFaAND exposure to potentially harmful chemicals during
HEALTH? use ofATFo.
Yes. A joint U 8 Environmental
' � � /\RETHERE -UPS FOR SAFER USE CjFATFs?
Protection Agency, Centers for Disease Control
Yes. �WQPHrenonnnoen�atheeeoonlrnonaan��
and PFmxmnUon' and (�onSunnerProduct Safety �
Commission is underway. This Federal Research steps to minimize potential exposure to potentially
Action Plan will answer questions about the harmful chemicals inATFa.
chemical composition of crumb rubber and
chemical concentrations by testing indoor and When playing on/\7Fs
outdoor ATFS across the country. The collaboration r Always
will also survey and observe people using ATFato 0 [}o not swallow any crumb rubber that
collect data to evaluate exposure to Chennioo|s accidentally enters the mouth. Monitor
(e.g.' frequency and duration ofuSe). This federal young children to prevent swallowing.
effort will offer e better understanding ofpotential m |f playing indoors, ensure adequate
exposure to chemicals in the crumb rubber.
ventilation.
To learn more about the Federal Research Action * Be aware of any heat-related illnesses.
Plan' visit:
After playing mmATFs
0 Wash hands after use and before eating
CAN USING ATFs INCREASE K0Y RISK FOR (especially young chiNnen).
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS? * Clean all clothing and equipment.
* Take off shoes before entering the house to
Very limited research has found that ATFacontain prevent tracking in any crumb rubber.
fewer bacteria (o.g.. K8RSA) than soil possibly * Clean all turf burns with soap and water.
because ATFs have less moisture and other yet
unknown factors that reduce bacterial growth. Do not use ATFs
California's Environmental Protection Agency also * On extremely hot days because the crumb
found that while athletes experience more frequent rubber absorbs heat and may be too hot to
turf burns on ATFo compared to natural fields, the P|Gy on when temperatures are high.
severity was similar between the two types offields. w For passive recreation (e.g.' sitting, |aying).
The joint federal study will better characterize
bacterial populations associated with the tire crumb
rubber infi|| collected from ATFs. WHO CAN 1 CONTACT T[J LEARN MORE?
Specialists st the Massachusetts Department of
[J(3ES K8DpH SUPPORT THE USE OFAJFs?
Public Health, Bureau of Environmental Health, are
K8DPH does not endorse any consumer products, available to answer your questions. Contact ueat
including ATFs. The purpose of this fact sheet is to O17-O24-5757 (TTY: 017-O24-52D0) Or visit uoat
summarize currently available information and offer www.mass.gov/dph/environmental health.
suggestions for ways to minimize possible
Massachusetts Department of Public Health PN- OF
Bureau of Environmental Health
25O Washington Street, 7th Floor
Boston, MAO21O8
Phone:017-O24-57571TTY017-024'528O 0
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
2 EW
N YORK Department
T T
7S�A E of Health
Information but Crumb-Rubber In fill ed
Synthetic Turf Athletic Fields
PURPOSE
The installation of synthetic turf athletic fields by school districts, municipal governments, colleges &
universities, and professional sports organizations has become widespread throughout the U.S.
Several types of artificial turf fields use crumb rubber as an infill material deposited between blades of
artificial grass attached to a backing material. This document will provide information about health
and safety issues related to this type of synthetic turf field.
BACKGROUND
The first well-publicized use of AstroTurf, a synthetic turf for athletic fields, was at the Houston
Astrodome in 1966. This first generation of synthetic turf was essentially a short pile carpet with a
foam backing. Since then, design changes have resulted in a greater variety of synthetic turf athletic
fields. One type of synthetic turf is fabricated using synthetic fibers, manufactured to resemble natural
grass, and a base material that stabilizes and cushions the playing surface. The fibers are typically
made from nylon, polypropylene or polyethylene and are connected to a backing material. The base
material, also called infill, consists of one or more granular materials that are worked in between the
fibers during the installation process. Commonly used base materials are granulated crumb rubber
produced from used tires, flexible plastic pellets, sand, and rubber-coated sand. A combination of
sand and crumb rubber is sometimes used.
Crumb rubber is produced by grinding used tires. Steel and fiber tire components are removed
during the process and the rubber pellets are sorted by size. Pellet sizes ranging from about one-
sixteenth to one quarter inch in diameter are used on synthetic turf. Crumb rubber is typically applied
at a rate of two to three pounds per square foot of field surface.
HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Some potential health and safety considerations related to synthetic turf have generated public
concern. These include:
• Heat stress
• Injury
• Infection
• Latex allergy
• Chemical exposure
New York State Department of Health
P. 1 9/18
Heat Stress
Synthetic turf fields absorb heat, resulting in surface temperatures that are much higher than the
temperatures of the surrounding air. In June 2002 at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Utah, the
average surface temperature on a synthetic turf field was reported to be 11 7'F while the average
surface temperatures on natural turf and asphalt were 78°F and 11 O'F, respectively. A maximum
surface temperature of 200°F on the BYU synthetic turf field was reported. A turf specialist at the
University of Missouri reported measuring an air temperature of 138°F at "head-level" height on the
university's synthetic turf field on a sunny 98°F day. The surface temperature of the field was
reported to be 178°F. A study conducted at Penn State University measured surface temperatures
on experimental plots of nine different types of infilled synthetic turf. Temperature measurements
were made on three occasions. The average air temperatures reported were 79', 78', and 85°F. The
corresponding average surface temperatures reported for the synthetic turf plots are 120', 130' and
146°F. The highest surface temperatures typically occur when synthetic turf is in direct sunlight and
the dark fibers, used to simulate grass, absorb solar radiation. Surface temperatures have been
observed to drop rapidly when cloud cover is present.
Water can be applied to synthetic turf to reduce the surface temperatures on warm days. A study at
BYU found that watering synthetic turf lowered the surface temperature from 174°F to 85°F, but the
temperature rose to 120°F in five minutes and to 164°F in twenty minutes. A study conducted by
Penn State University on experimental synthetic turf plots examined the effect of watering synthetic
turf on surface temperature. Measurements were made on three occasions. For one monitoring
period, surface temperatures ranging from about 1300 to 160°F were lowered initially to about 75°F,
but increased within 30 minutes to temperatures ranging from about 90' to 120°F, where they
remained fairly stable for the three-hour monitoring period.
The surface temperatures reported on synthetic turf fields can get high enough to reach levels of
discomfort and may contribute to heat stress among users of the fields. While watering synthetic turf
may temporarily reduce surface temperatures, other factors are likely to influence its effectiveness.
Studies were not found that examined the role of synthetic turf in contributing to heat stress or that
compared the occurrence of heat stress among athletes playing on natural turf and synthetic turf.
Because of the potential for high temperatures on infilled synthetic turf fields, it is important that
people who play or work on the fields be provided with adequate warnings regarding the potential for
heat stress. People should also be advised to remain hydrated and to seek relief from the heat in
shaded areas. The potential for high surface temperatures warrants consideration when making
decisions about installing and using a synthetic turf field.
Injury
Many factors influence the rate of sports injuries, including the type of playing surface. The many
kinds of synthetic turf surfaces and changes in the turf products over the years complicate the
assessment of how the playing surface affects injury rates. Other risk factors have been implicated in
injury rates among athletes, in addition to the type of playing surface. These risk factors include level
of competition, skill level, age, shoe type, previous injury and rehabilitation, and a number of
individual physical characteristics. Published studies were reviewed that compared injury rates (e.g.,
rate of sprains, lacerations, fractures) among athletes when playing on infilled synthetic turf and
p. 2
natural turf fields. Although the ability of the studies to detect differences in injury rates was limited
by the small number of injuries reported, studies that account for the amount of time spent on
different types of playing surfaces concluded that there were no major differences in overall injury
rates between natural and infilled synthetic turf. Although some studies found some differences in
specific injury types, there was no consistent pattern across the studies.
The potential for head injuries from contact with the surfaces has been assessed by determining the
ability of the surfaces to absorb impacts, Tests have shown that the force of impact on asphalt
surfaces is much higher than the level generally accepted to be associated with serious head injury.
The force of impact on many types of natural turf and all types of synthetic turf tested are below this
level.
The abrasiveness of synthetic turf fibers may contribute to the injury risk among athletes, particularly
for abrasions or "turf burns." The degree of abrasiveness appears to be dependent on the
composition and shape of the turf fibers. A study conducted at Penn State University suggests that
synthetic turf with nylon fibers, used in older synthetic turf fields, is more abrasive than synthetic turf
with other fibers such as those made from polypropylene or polyethylene.
Infection Risk
There has been some concern that infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), may be more common among users of synthetic turf fields than users of natural turf fields.
Research has been conducted examining the ability of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to survive
on synthetic turf infill and fibers. Considerable variability has been found in the survival time of S.
aureus on different infill and fiber types when tested under laboratory conditions in the absence of
direct sunlight and high temperatures. For indoor fields, which are not subjected to direct sunlight and
high temperatures, S. aureus has been found to survive on both synthetic and natural turf for multiple
days after being applied. The numbers of surviving bacteria decreased over time on both surface
types. The application of commercially available antimicrobial treatments, detergents or cationic
surfactants greatly reduced the survival rate of S. aureus on indoor synthetic turf fields. For outdoor
fields, conditions of higher temperatures and sunlight were shown to be effective disinfectants and
the bacterial survival rate was much lower than the rate for indoor fields. The survival rate of S.
aureus on Kentucky bluegrass, which is often used for natural turf athletic fields in the northern
United States, was found to be comparable to the survival rate on synthetic turf. A microbial survey of
20 outdoor synthetic turf fields and 2 natural turf fields did not find S. aureus on any of the playing
surfaces. S. aureus was found in locker room samples collected from towels, blocking pads, weight
equipment, a stretching table, as well as samples collected from the hands and faces of every player
tested.
While injury studies have not consistently identified differences in abrasion and laceration risks
between natural and infilled synthetic turf, some types of synthetic turf may result in more skin
abrasions. Abraded skin is susceptible to infection through contact with infectious agents on surfaces.
Although only a few research studies have been conducted, the available data do not suggest the
widespread presence of infectious agents, such as MRSA, on synthetic turf fields. Also, the available
information indicates that outdoor or indoor synthetic turf surfaces are no more likely to harbor
infectious agents than other surfaces in those same environments. Disease outbreak investigations
conducted in response to illnesses caused by a variety of infectious agents (e.g., MRSA,
p. 3
Campylobacter, meningococcus, echovirus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis virus, coxsackie virus)
have not identified playing fields, either natural or synthetic, as likely to increase the risk of
transmitting infections.
Skin cuts and abrasions that may result from contact with athletic fields, including both natural and
synthetic fields, are susceptible to infection. Athletes and others developing skin abrasions should
clean the wounds, and seek prompt medical attention for proper wound care prior to returning to
competition. To reduce the chances of transmitting infectious agents such as MRSA, athletes should
avoid sharing towels (on and off the field), razors, soap and other personal-care materials with others,
and should properly sanitize shared surfaces such as training equipment between uses.
Latex Allergy
Natural rubber contains substances called "latex allergens," which can cause an allergic response in
some people. About 6 percent of the general population is allergic to latex. Tire rubber contains
latex allergens, although at much lower levels than in latex gloves and other consumer products.
People playing on synthetic turf may be exposed to latex allergens through direct contact with the
skin (dermal exposure) and inhalation of small rubber particles suspended in the air.
A study conducted for the California Environmental Protection Agency tested samples of tire rubber
on the skin of guinea pigs. None of the animals developed any rashes or allergic reactions from
contact with the rubber.
Whether crumb rubber can cause an allergic response in people is not known. Reports of latex
allergy associated with contact with crumb rubber or synthetic turf fields were not found.
Chemical Exposure
Exposure to a chemical requires contact with it. Contact with a chemical occurs in three ways:
swallowing it (ingestion exposure), breathing it (inhalation exposure), or having it come in direct
contact with the skin or eyes (dermal/ocular exposure). For each of these types of contact ("exposure
routes") exposure only occurs if the contact with the chemical results in the chemical being absorbed
into the body. Not all chemicals are readily absorbed by all routes. For complex substances
containing many chemicals such as crumb rubber, the ability of a chemical to be released from the
substance is an important factor in determining how much is absorbed, and therefore how much
exposure actually occurs to the specific chemical.
The potential for harmful effects from exposure to a chemical depends on the amount of the chemical
a person contacts, how the chemical enters the body (i.e., the route (ingestion, inhalation, or
dermal/ocular) and how well it's absorbed by that route), how often contact occurs, the toxic
properties of the chemical, and many other individual factors such as age, gender, general health,
genetic differences, exposure to other chemicals, and lifestyle choices.
Tires are manufactured from natural and synthetic rubbers along with numerous chemical additives,
including zinc, sulfur, carbon black, and oils that contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs). Because crumb rubber is
manufactured from used tires, it is expected to contain the same chemicals as tire rubber.
p. 4
A number of studies exploring the chemical-exposure potential of crumb rubber have involved
extracting chemicals using strong acids or organic solvents under high temperature conditions. While
the results of such studies provide information about the total amount of individual chemicals
contained in crumb rubber, the extraction conditions are not representative of conditions in the
environment or the human body. These types of studies do not accurately quantify exposure potential
and, therefore, cannot be used to accurately estimate potential health risk.
The potential for ingestion exposure to the chemicals in crumb rubber by children playing on synthetic
turf has been evaluated in several studies where crumb rubber was extracted under conditions
designed to mimic the human digestive tract. This type of study provides a more realistic estimate of
exposure potential for chemicals contained within the crumb rubber material by simulating what
chemicals in the crumb rubber are likely to be released (and therefore would be available to be
absorbed). None of these simulated absorption studies indicated that ingestion of crumb-rubber by
children would pose a significant health risk. A controlled study that fed crumb rubber to laboratory
rats for 14 days and incorporated crumb rubber into their bedding material found no signs of adverse
health effects resulting from the exposures.
Crumb rubber contains zinc, and studies consistently find that zinc readily leaches from crumb rubber
in greater quantities than any other substance. The concentrations of zinc leached from crumb rubber
have been found to not represent a human health risk.
Several studies have assessed potential health risks resulting from inhalation exposures to chemicals
contained in synthetic turf fields. Health agencies in New York State, New York City, and the State of
Connecticut collected air samples on synthetic and natural turf fields during use. The air samples
were analyzed for VOCs, SVOCs, and airborne particulate matter. The studies concluded that
inhalation exposures resulting from playing on synthetic turf fields were insignificant, and not different
from inhalation exposures on natural turf fields. The Connecticut study found that air samples
collected from an indoor synthetic turf field had higher concentrations than the outdoor fields. The
authors noted that other potential sources of VOCs and SVOCs were present, and that the facility did
not have its exhaust system operating on the day samples were collected. The authors concluded
that, based on their findings, exposure levels for indoor synthetic turf fields represented only a
marginal health risk, but ventilation of indoor fields was recommended. Several earlier European
studies had similar findings. An Italian study found that inhalation exposures resulting from playing on
synthetic turf are negligible, and that exposures associated with motor vehicle emissions in the areas
near the fields during the same time period were about ten times higher. Two studies that measured
a metabolite of PAHs in the urine of soccer players after playing on synthetic turf found no
measurable uptake of PAHs resulted from playing on the field.
Some types of synthetic turf fibers contain elevated levels of lead (e.g., in the range of about 2,000 to
9,000 parts per million). Degradation of these fibers can form a dust that presents a potential source
of lead exposure to users of the fields. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry addressed the potential for lead exposures from
synthetic turf fibers in a June 2008 Health Advisory (http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/artificialturf.htm).
Newer synthetic turf products are available that do not contain elevated lead levels.
P. 5
In 2014, a women's soccer coach at the University of Washington compiled a list of players she knew
of who were diagnosed with cancer, raising concerns about the possibility that playing soccer on
artificial turf fields might increase the risk of developing cancer. In response, public health officials at
the Washington State Department of Health and researchers from the University of Washington
School of Public Health investigated the cases on the coaches list but did not find this to be an
unusual rate of occurrence for residents of similar age in Washington State. Based on their
investigation, Washington State Department of Health determined in 2017 that no further public
health response was warranted at that time. A 2018 California study found no association at the
county level between artificial turf field density and lymphoma incidence in adolescents and young
adults. In addition, while it is well established that crumb rubber contains PAH carcinogens, multiple
lines of evidence as described above indicate that they are not readily released or absorbed during
athletics on these fields. Thus, a number of assessments reviewed here (see Chemical Exposures
section in Sources below) have concluded that cancer and non-cancer risks are low.
Uncertainties
A number of studies have been conducted in the US and other countries that are quite consistent in
their conclusions regarding the low potential for chemical exposure from crumb-rubber artificial turf
fields. However, some uncertainty remains due to study limitations such as the small number of fields
tested under a limited range of environmental conditions, limited information about effects of direct
ingestion and direct contact with crumb rubber, and limited sources and ages of crumb rubber tested.
New studies underway in California (littps.//ggbha,,ca. ov/risk-assessmeny, �tliptic-turf-studies),
and at the federal level (National Toxicology Program
httgs://nt iiiehs.nih.gov/results/areas/sy p _Qtheticturf/index.htnil, and USEPA/CDC/CPSC
led JLire:�cru m b-q§,ed- la inq-fields)
should help address these limitations and lessen uncertainty further.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Several other factors may need to be considered when installing and using synthetic turf.
Costs: Costs for any given installation will depend on many site-specific factors, both for synthetic
and natural turf fields. However, in general for a given set of site conditions, installation of synthetic
turf tends to be more expensive than installation of natural turf, while synthetic turf fields have a
longer average lifetime, have lower maintenance costs, and can be used without the rest periods
required for natural turf.
Alternative Types of Infill: Manufacturers have developed several alternative materials to crumb
rubber infill, including: manufactured materials such as ethylene propylene diene terpolymer and
thermoplastic elastomer; Nike Grind made from recycled athletic shoes; and mineral-based and plant-
derived materials such as sand, cork, and coconut hulls. Any alternative infill materials would need to
be subjected to the same rigorous physical and chemical testing that crumb rubber has undergone to
determine if they are preferable substitutes for crumb rubber for use as infill material. Thermoplastic
elastomer, for example, has been found to release greater amounts of PAHs in water and air than
does crumb rubber.
p. 6
SUMMARY OF INFORMATION FOR CRUMB-RUBBER INFILLED SYNTHETIC TURF ATHLETIC
FIELDS
Surface temperatures on crumb-rubber infilled synthetic turf fields can
reach levels of discomfort and may contribute to heat stress. This
warrants consideration when making decisions about installing and using
Heat stress a synthetic turf field. While watering synthetic turf may briefly reduce
surface temperatures, a number of factors may influence its
effectiveness. People using these fields should be advised to remain
hydrated and to seek relief from the heat in shaded areas.
Injury Overall, studies have found no consistent differences in injury rates
between natural and crumb-rubber infilled synthetic turf.
Skin cuts and abrasions that may result from contact with athletic fields
(natural and synthetic turf) are susceptible to infection. Athletes and
Infection others developing skin abrasions should clean the wounds and seek
prompt medical attention. Athletes should avoid sharing equipment,
razors, towels, soap and other objects with others, because these items
can spread germs.
Latex allergy NYSIDOH is not aware of cases of latex allergy resulting from contact
with crumb rubber or synthetic turf fields.
Results from numerous studies suggest that the potential for chemical
Chemical exposures exposures from crumb rubber in synthetic turf is low; further studies by
the federal government and California are underway to fill data gaps and
decrease uncertainties.
Analyses in California and Washington State have not found support for
Cancer cancer associations with artificial turf field use; various exposure and risk
,assessments do not support a cancer risk.
WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?
For additional information, please email us with your request at btsa(a-).heaIth.ny.qov
P. 7
SOURCES
Temperature of In-filled Synthetic Turf Athletic Fields
DeVitt DA, Young MH, Baghzouz M, Bird BM; Surface Temperature, Heat Loading and Spectral
Reflectance of Artificial Turfgrass. J. Turfgrass and Sports Surf. Sci; 83:68-82; 2007.
Jia X, Michael D. Dukes MID, Miller GL; Temperature Increase on Synthetic Turfgrass. World
Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007; Restoring Our Natural Habitat; 2007.
McNift S., Petrunak D., Evaluation of Playing Surface Characteristics of Various In-filled Systems;
Penn
State Department of Crop and Soil Sciences;
Vitt ps�.L//ptqritsc'ieLice,ps equ�rpp rch/genters/ssre/resegrch/s nthetic-turf-researg�h- enn�-statg
Petrassa LA, Twomeya DM, Harveya JT; Understanding how the components of a synthetic turf
system contribute to increased surface temperature. Procedia Engineering; 72: 943— 948; 2014.
Williams F.C., Pulley G.E.; Synthetic Surface Heat Studies; Brigham Young University;
htti)://cahe.nmsu.edu/r)roqrams/turf/documents/briqham-vounq-studv.r)df.
Injuries
Bianco A, Speclicato M, Petrucci M, Messina G, Thomas E, Sahin FN, Paoli A, Palma A; 2016; A
Prospective Analysis of the Injury Incidence of Young Male Professional Football Players on Artificial
Turf. Asian J Sports Med.; March; 7(1): e28425; 2016.
Ekstrand J, Timpka T, Hagglund M; Risk of injury in elite football played on artificial turf versus natural
grass: a prospective two-cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 40:975-980, 2006.
Ekstrand E, Hagglund M, Fuller CW; Comparison of injuries sustained on artificial turf and grass by
male and female elite football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports; 21: 824-832; 2010.
Fuller C W, Dick R W, Corlette J, Schmalz R; Comparison of the Incidence, Nature and Cause of
Injuries Sustained on Grass and New Generation Artificial Turf by Male and Female Football Players.
Part 1: Match Injuries; British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41 (Supplement 1): 20-26; 2007.
Fuller C W, Dick R W, Corlette J, Schmalz R; Comparison of the Incidence, Nature and Cause of
Injuries Sustained on Grass and New Generation Artificial Turf by Male and Female Football Players.
Part 2: Training Injuries; British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(Supplement 1): 27-32; 2007.
Henderson, J.J., Rogers J.N., Crum J.R.; Athletic Field Systems Study 2000 — 2003: An evaluation
and Comparison of Naturally and Artificially Enhanced Athletic Field Sand Textured Root Zones —
Final Report, Michigan State University, December 2003.
Lanzetti RM, Ciompi A, Lupariello D, Guzzini M, De Carli A, Ferretti A; Safety of third-generation
artificial turf in male elite professional soccer players in Italian major league. Scand J Med Sci Sports;
27: 435-439- 2017.
p. 8
Mayr J.; Parameters Correlating to Injury Severity Score in Playground-Related Fall Accidents,
International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 3:147-152, 1996.
Meyers M, Barnhill B S; Incidence, Causes, and Severity of High School Football Injuries in FieldTurf
Versus Natural Grass; The American Journal of Sports Medicine; 32: 1626-1638; 2004.
Naunheim R, McGurren M, Standeven J, Fucetola R, Lautyssen C, Deibert E; Does the use of Artificial
Turf Contribute to Head Injuries? Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care; 53: 691-694;
2002.
Naunheim R, Parrott H, Standeven J; A Comparison of Artificial Turf; Journal of Trauma, Injury,
Infection and Critical Care; 57: 1311-1314; 2004.
Peterson MK, Lemayb JC, Shubina SP, Prueitta RL; Comprehensive multipathway risk assessment
of chemicals associated with recycled ("crumb") rubber in synthetic turf fields. Environmental
Research 160: 256-268; 2018.
Soligard T, Bahr R, Andersen TE; Injury risk on artificial turf and grass in youth tournament football.
Scand J Med Sci Sports; 22: 356-361; 2012.
Williams S, Trewarthal G, Kemp SPT, Michell R, Stokes KA; The influence of an artificial playing
surface on injury risk and perceptions of muscle soreness in elite Rugby Union. Scand J Med Sci
Sports; 26: 101-108; 2016.
Williams JH, Akogyrem E, Williams JR; A Meta-Analysis of Soccer Injuries on Artificial Turf and
Natural Grass. Journal of Sports Medicine Volume; Article ID 380523; 2013.
Williams S, Hume PA, Kara S; A Review of Football Injuries on Third and Fourth Generation Artificial
Turfs Compared with Natural Turf. Sports Med; 41 (11): 903-923; 2011.
Steffen K, Einar T E, Bahr R; Risk of Injury on Artificial Turf and Natural Grass in Young Female
Football Players; British Journal of Sports Medicine; 41: 33-37; 2007.
Infection Risk
Archibald L, Shapiro J, Pass A; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a College
Football Team: Risk Factors Outside the Locker Room and Playing Field. Infect Contr Hosp Epid.
29:450-453; 2008.
Begier E, Frenette K, Barrett N, et al.; A High-Morbidity Outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus among Players on a College Football Team, Facilitated by Cosmetic Body
Shaving and Turf Burns. Clin Infect Dis. 39:1446-53; 2004.
Kazakova S, Hageman J, Matava M, et al.; A Clone of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
among Professional Football Players. The New Engl J of Med. 352:468-75; 2005.
P. 9
Keller M; The fate of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in a synthetic field turf system. The
University of Toledo; Theses and Dissertations; 116; 2013.
McNitt AS, Petrunak DM, Serensits, TJ; A Survey for the Presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the
Infill Media of Synthetic Turf. Proceedings of the Turfgrass Science and Management for Sports
Fields; International Society for Horticultural Science, Eds.: Han L, et al.; Acta Hort. 783: 567-572;
2008.
McNitt et al.; Survival of Staphylococcus aureus on Synthetic Turf. A Report to The Synthetic Turf
Council. Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences; 2009.
McNitt SA.S., Petrunak D.; Evaluation of Playing Surface Characteristics of Various In-Filled Systems;
Penn State Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; http IL//exLe(i i9Li.psu.edu/evaIuation.:�f- layinq
-
surface-cliaracteristics-of-vat-ious-in-filled-systertis.
New York State Department of Health, Health Advisory: Prevention Of Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Infections In The School Setting, October 25, 2007.
Nguyen D, Mascola L, Bancroft E.; Recurring Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in
a Football Team. Emerg Infect Dis. 11: 526- 532; 2005.
Romano R, Doanh L, Haltom P; Outbreak of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections Among a Collegiate Football Team. J Athlet Train.
41:141145; 2006.
Stacey A, Endersby K, Chan P, Marples R; An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus infection in a rugby football team. Br J Sports Med. 32:153-154; 1998.
Latex Allergy
California Environmental Protection Agency Evaluation of Health Effects of Recycled Waste Tires in
Playground and Track Products. Sacramento, CA: Office of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment; 2007.
Miguel A G, Cass G R, Weiss J, Glovsky M M; Latex Allergens in Tire Dust and Airborne Particles;
Environmental Health Perspectives; 104: 1180-1186; 1996.
New York State Department of Health, Latex Allergy
Mh tt RLS://www.healt
__—y h.n ,qaK/environmeti,tal/indoors/food safet fl texhnqex. t
Chemical Exposures
Birkholz DA, Belton KL, Guidotti TL; Toxicological Evaluation for the Hazard Assessment of Tire
Crumb for Use in Public Playgrounds. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association; 53:7,
903-907; 2003.
Bleyera A, Keeganb T; Incidence of malignant lymphoma in adolescents and young adults in the 58
counties of California with varying synthetic turf field density. Cancer Epidemiology 53: 129-136,
2018.
P. 10
Bocca B, Fortea G, Petruccia F, Costantinia S, Izzob P; Metals contained and leached from rubber
granulates used in synthetic turf areas. Science of the Total Environment; 407:2183-2190. 2009.
California Environmental Protection Agency. Evaluation of Health Effects of Recycled Waste Tires in
Playground and Track Products. Sacramento, CA: Office of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment; 2007.
Canepari S, Castellano P, Astolfi ML, Materazzi S, Ferrante R, Fiorini D, Curini R; Release of
particles, organic compounds, and metals from crumb rubber used in synthetic turf under chemical
and physical stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res; 25:1448-1459; 2018.
French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks, Environmental and Health Evaluation
of the use of Elastomer Granulates (Virgin and From Used Tyres) as Filling in Third-Generation
Artificial Turf; 2007.
Cheng H, Hu Y and Reinhard M. Environmental and Health Impacts of Artificial Turf: A Review.
Environ Sci & Technol 48 (4), 2114-2129, 2014.
Ginsberg G, Toal B, Simcox N, Bracker A, Golembiewski B, Kurland T, Hedman C; Human Health
Risk Assessment of Synthetic Turf Fields Based Upon Investigation of Five Fields in Connecticut.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 74:17, 1150-1174, 2011.
Kanematsu M, Hayashi A, Denison MS, Young TM; Characterization and potential environmental
risks of leachate from shredded rubber mulches; Chemosphere 76: 952-958; 2009.
Kim S, Yang J, Kim H, Yeo 1, Shin D, Lim Y; Health Risk Assessment of Lead Ingestion Exposure by
Particle Sizes in Crumb Rubber on Artificial Turf Considering B ioava i lability. Environmental Health
and Toxicology Volume: 27, Article ID: e2012005; 2012.
Lim L, Walker R;An Assessment of Chemical Leaching, Releases to Air and Temperature at Crumb-
Rubber Infilled Synthetic Turf Fields New York State Department of Environmental Conservation,
New York State Department of Health, May 2009
Lioy PJ, Weisel C; UMDNJ- EOHSI Crumb Infill and Turf Characterization for Trace Elements and
Organic Materials - Crumb Infill and Turf Report— October 31, 2011; Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ; 2011.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the Radium HospitalArtificial Turf Pitches —An assessment
of the Health Risks for Football Players. Oslo, Norway; 2006.
Norwegian Building Research Institute (NBI). Potential Health and Environmental Effects Linked to
Artificial Turf Systems - Final Report. Project N/Archive N 0-10820. Oslo, Norway; 2004.
Pavilonis BT, Weisel CP, Buckley B, Lioy PJ; Bioaccessibility and Risk of Exposure to Metals and
SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers. Risk Analysis, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2014.
P. 11
Roberts G, Fennell T, Brix A, Cora M, Elsass K, Fallacara D, Gwinn W, Masten S, Richey J, Sparrow
B, Toy H, Waidyanatha S, Walker N, Stout M; The National Toxicology Program Research on
Synthetic Turf/Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber: 14-Day Exposure Characterization Studies of Crumb
Rubber in Female Mice Housed on Mixed-Bedding or Dosed via Feed or Oral Gavage. Society of
Toxicology Annual Meeting 2018; Abstract Number 2414; 2018.
Ruffino B, Fiore S, Chiara Zanetti MC; Environmental—sanitary risk analysis procedure applied to
artificial turf sports fields. Environ Sci Pollut Res; 20:4980-4992; 2013.
Simcox, N, Bracker A, Meyer J; Artificial Turf Field Investigation in Connecticut Final Report.
University of Connecticut Heath Center; July 27, 2010.
van Rooij JGM, Jongeneelen FJ; Hydroxypyrene in urine of football players after playing on artificial
sports field with tire crumb infill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health; 83:105-110; 2010.
Washington State Department of Health. Investigation of Reported Cancer among Soccer Players in
Washington State. 2017. https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/210-091.pdf
Zhang J, Han 1, Zhang L, Crain W; Hazardous chemicals in synthetic turf materials and their
bioaccessibility in digestive fluids. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology; 18:
600-607; 2008.
Other Considerations
Canepari S, Castellano P, Astolfi ML, Materazzi S, Ferrante R, Fiorini D, Curini R; Release of
particles, organic compounds, and metals from crumb rubber used in synthetic turf under chemical
and physical stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res; 25:1448-1459; 2018.
Morrison L., Natural and Synthetic Turf: A Comparative Analysis, San Francisco Department of
Recreation and Parks, December 2005.
Ruffino B, Fiore S, Chiara Zanetti MC; Environmental—sanitary risk analysis procedure applied to
artificial turf sports fields. Environ Sci Pollut Res; 20:4980-4992; 2013.
p. 12
The G ommonwealth of Massachusetts
Execu ive Office of Health and Human Services
Department of Public Health
Bureau of Environmental Health
250 W ngton t., 7t" Floor; Boston, MA 02108-A619
Wash
617-624-5757 F;w 617.-624-5777
oavAm,L PA rmtmCX M_ 617-624-5286
GOVERNOR
'TMOTHY P'MURRAY
UEWENAM'GOVERNOR
3tt6YANN RIGBY,MA
SECRE MY
70mtty AVERBACH
COMMISSIONER
April 29,2008
Janice Berns,Director
Needham Board of Health
1471 Highland Avenue„Room 24
Needham,MA 02192
Dear Ms.Berns-
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health(M PH),Bureau of Environmental
Health(f3El l)has reviewed the findings of various public health agencies that have been
involved with addressing public heal h concerns associated with artificial turf. We have also
reviewed scientific publications and i mlbrmation from advocacy groups relative to potential
health effects from exposure opportun{itics to chetaicals in synthetic turf.
Components of turf include artificial grass fibers and crumb rubber and sand infill
overlaid on a carpet backing.Grass fibers are composed of nylon or polyethylene..The state of
New Jersey tested dust from both sytm hedc turf composed of nylon grass fibers,as well as
polyethylene grass fibers. They repo ed that elevated levels of lead were found in two of twelve
samples,bath of which were nylon. No lead was found in synthetic turf with polyethylene grass
fibers. Thus,based on available information,it appears that polyethylene grass fibers ate
preferable to nylon grass fibers.
Crumb rubber infill is typical[ made of recycled tires.'flmis material has been found to
contain chemicals,including pol,ycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH),metals,and volatile
organic compounds(VOC).While there chemicals arc in the material of the crumb rubber,
current inforumation does riot suggest significant exposure opportunities to the chemicals in the
materials such that we would expect h alth effects.
The most relevant study we id ntifted to evaluate potential health effects related to the fill
was a California study.California's 0 ice of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment:�'C� �\
completed a study investigating the potential health risks of playground surfaces and track �+
surfaces that are composed of recycled tires.MDl'H feels that this is the most complete and _ Vr Po-e-
relevant study at this time,as these ma erials are similar to those used in the infill of synthetic
turf:Findings from this assessment cot eluded that exposure opportunities to the rubber materials
would not be expected to result in heal h effects
With respect to the:temperature;issues you raised during our recent conversation,C asked
our staff for an opinion of protocols foi use during hot weather periods.Available information
E
suggests heat levels rise on sortie artificial turf material as outdoor temperatures rise.
Thermoplastic rubber(TIT)infill dan be used as an alternative to infill from recycled tires.TPE
is manufactured in ligluer colors wl rich are thought to generate less heat than black infill_TPE
also does riot contnin re-cycled products and is made:of polyethylene or polypropylene and
rubber fused on a brief review of the literature,there is information suggesting that the
composition of polyethylene or pol propylene and rubber presumably contains fewer chemicals
than infill made of recycled tires.
In summary,M131'-111BEN lieves that based on the available information,the use of
polyethylene artificial turf is riot ex ected to result in health impacts. However,if there are
ongoing concerns regarding artificial turf and health impacts,the town may want to consider
using a turf that is light colored,cot�iposed of polyethylene grass fibers,and has TPE infill(as
opposed to infill consisting of recyc cd tires), lfyou have any questions,please feel free to
contact LB at G 17-fi24-5757.
Sincerely,
Suzanne,K.Condon,Associate Commissioner
Director,Bureau of Environmental l lealth
Cc: .Peter Connolly,Needham Bc and of Health
I
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment(OEHHA)
California Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Health Study of Synthetic Turf
August 2016 Update
The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) is conducting a
study of the potential health effects associated with the chemicals released from synthetic turf
and playground mats containing recycled waste tires. The California Department of
Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), which regulates the use of waste tires in
California, has contracted with OEHHA to perform the study.
What's New?
OEHHA has amended the contract with CalRecycle based upon input from the Synthetic Turf
Scientific Advisory Panel and input from the public. The scope of the synthetic turf field
investigation has been expanded to include: methods to extract as many chemicals as
possible from crumb rubber samples for identification, the use of more suitable artificial bio-
fluids (such as fluids that mimic human sweat) to evaluate the chemicals that enter the body,
and measurements of crumb rubber particle size to understand if inhalation of small particles
occurs. To accommodate the additional analyses, OEHHA has extended the project
completion date to mid-2019.
What is OEHHA studying?
The study is assessing the potential health impacts associated with playing on synthetic turf
fields and playground mats. it is examining athletic fields and playground mats made from
crumb rubber derived from recycled waste tires. Major parts of the study include:
• Identifying and measuring chemicals released from crumb rubber and artificial grass
blades in indoor and outdoor fields and playground mats throughout California.
o Synthetic turf fields of various ages and subjected to various weather conditions
will be studied.
o Air above synthetic turf fields and playgrounds will be monitored for particulate
matter and specific chemicals that can be inhaled.
o The size distribution of the collected particulate matter will be characterized.
• Evaluating exposures to chemicals released from crumb rubber and synthetic grass
blades through inhalation, swallowing, and skin contact. This includes consideration of:
o The extent to which individuals (for example athletes and bystanders) are
exposed, based on their activity patterns and how often and long they stay on
the field.
1
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment(OEHHA)
California Environmental Protection Agency kloo"
o How exposure to the chemicals varies by age groups of athletes and bystanders.
a Movement of chemicals from turf into body fluids.
• Evaluating the hazards and toxicological activities of chemicals released from turf. This
includes examining the ways that sensitive populations, such as children, may be more
vulnerable to chemicals released from synthetic turf fields.
• Developing a study protocol for measuring chemicals from synthetic turf in urine or
other bodily fluids of athletes, or using personal monitors worn by athletes. (The current
study plan calls for developing a study plan but not undertaking these measurements.
These studies could take place after completion of the current study.)
• Conducting an assessment of potential health impacts associated with exposures to
chemicals released from synthetic turf and playground mats, taking into account the
findings of the above activities.
What information will the study provide?
The study is scheduled for completion in mid-2019 with the release of a report on the field
monitoring results, exposure characterization, and health risk assessment. Prior to
completion, OEHHA will release a draft report describing the preliminary data and results of
the study in mid-2018.
The information generated in the study will enable OEHHA to determine the types and
concentrations of chemicals individuals are exposed to when playing on synthetic turf and
playground mats, estimate the level of exposures associated with various activities, and
assess whether these exposures pose potential health risks. CalRecycle will use this
information in making future decisions regarding the use of crumb rubber in synthetic turf and
playground mats.
How is OEHHA obtaining input on the study?
OEHHA began the study by conducting an interactive webinar and public meetings in Los
Angeles, San Diego, and Berkeley to seek input from athletes, coaches, parents and other
interested individuals. OEHHA also convened a panel of scientific experts in exposure and
biomedical sciences to provide input and advice on the study. The first meeting of the panel
was held in February 2016, and there will be additional panel meetings throughout the study.
All meetings of the panel will be held in public, with opportunities for the public to comment.
Has OEHHA studied synthetic turf in the past?
OEHHA conducted two studies on the potential human health effects associated with use of
recycled waste tires in playground and synthetic turf products in 2007 and 2010. These
studies evaluated key aspects of synthetic turf fields, including inhalation of chemicals,
2
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
California Environmental Protection Agency
bacterial infections, and skin abrasions. OEHHA's current effort will fill in data gaps and
address the potential risks from chemical exposures resulting from skin contact with, breathing
or ingesting crumb rubber from synthetic turf fields. The California Integrated Waste
Management Board, which has since been reorganized as CalRecycle, also contracted with
OEHHA to perform the previous two studies:
• Evaluation of Health Effects of Recycled Waste Tires in Playground and Track
Products, January 2007
• Safety Study of Artificial Turf Containing Crumb Rubber Infill Made From Recycled
Tires: Measurements of Chemicals and Particulates in the Air, Bacteria in the Turf, and
Skin Abrasions Caused by Contact with the Surface, October 2010
These studies can be found at: httD://oehha.ca.aov/risk-assessment/synthetic-turf-studies.
First Published on: October 20, 2015
Updated on: August 30, 2016
3
�y Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
California Environmental Protection Agency
byrithetiC. Turf Study Overview
Task 1. Expert, Public, and Interagency Consultation and Input
KNEEN" WHINNEEm—
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Today
May 25,2018 Synthetic Turf Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Executive Office of Health and Human Services
Department of Public Health
Bureau of Environmental Health
250 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108-4619
CHAR D.BAKER Phone: 617-624-5757 Fax: 617-624-5777 MARYLOU SUDDERS
Governor TTY: 617-624-5286 Secretary
KARYN E.POLITO
MONICA BHAREL,MD,MPH Lieutenant Governor Commissioner
Tel:617-624-6000
www.mass.govidph
March 23, 2015
Stephanie Bacon, Health Agent
Office of Board of Health
155 Village Street
Medway, MA 02053
Dear Ms. Bacon:
Thank you for your letter of February 24, 2015, in which you requested that the
Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Environmental Health
(MDPH/BEH), evaluate health concerns related to the use of crumb rubber infill material
for artificial turf fields in Medway, Massachusetts. As you are likely aware, our office had
previously evaluated this issue in a series of letters to the Town of Needham Board of
Health in 2008, 2011, and 2013.
In response, MDPH/BEH staff have evaluated more recent information on potential
exposure opportunities to artificial turf components, including crumb rubber infill, and
evaluated health concerns, including cancer, in relation to exposure to such turf. Recent
media reports on soccer players, particularly goalies that have played on artificial turf,
and the incidence of some cancers have been expressed. These reports raised
concerns about the possible association between playing on crumb rubber fields and
the development of cancers, notably, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin Lymphoma,
and osteosarcoma. We also evaluated information you provided on the content of the
specific products used in Medway. Our review is summarized below.
Updated Literature Review
Our previous evaluations noted that crumb rubber infill has been found to contain
chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), and metals. We further stated that although these chemicals are in
the material itself, information available at that time did not suggest significant exposure
opportunities to the chemicals in the materials such that we would expect health effects.
We noted that the most relevant study on this topic at the time was a study conducted
by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (CA OEHHA).
Since that time, the CA OEHHA conducted additional evaluations of chemical
concentrations in air above crumb rubber turf fields under active use (CA OEHHA
2010). Air samples were taken above fields and analyzed for VOCs and metals.
Results suggested that adverse health effects were unlikely to occur from inhalation of
VOCs or metals in particulates above these fields. To assess the potential for skin
infections due to bacteria or to skin abrasions on these fields, tests for bacterial
contamination were performed and the frequency of skin abrasions was assessed.
Researchers found fewer bacteria detected on the artificial turf compared to natural turf,
suggesting that the risk of infection to athletes using these fields was actually lower.
However, more skin abrasions were observed in athletes using artificial turf fields than
natural turf fields, and the study authors made various recommendations to help prevent
skin abrasions (e.g., protective equipment or clothing) and prompt treatment of skin
abrasions.
In another study, the state of Connecticut conducted air sampling at four outdoor
artificial turf fields with crumb rubber infills (most relevant to Medway) under summer
conditions (Simcox et al. 2011). Air measurements were taken using stationary air
sampling monitoring devices as well as personal samplers (placed on people using the
fields). They concluded that exposure opportunities to turf contaminants were not
associated with elevated health risks and suggested that their findings were consistent
with other studies available at the time. A letter prepared by the Connecticut
Department of Public Health reiterates these conclusions (CTDPH 2015).
A 2014 study by researchers at the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in
New Jersey evaluated opportunities for exposures to PAHs, semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOCs), and heavy metals from exposures to artificial turf fibers and
crumb rubber infills by measuring these constituents in simulated body fluids (digestive
fluids, lung fluids, sweat)that represented different routes of exposure (ingestion,
inhalation, dermal). This bioaccessibility study aimed to provide a better measure of the
actual amount of these contaminants that might be absorbed into the body after
exposure. The researchers found that PAI-Is were routinely below the limit of detection
and SVOCs that have environmental regulatory limits to use for comparison were
identified at levels too low to quantify. Some metals were detected but at concentrations
at which health risks were low, with the exception of lead from the field sample
collected. That sample indicated lead at levels in the simulated digestive fluids that the
authors reported could result in blood lead levels above the current U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference value for blood lead in children (5
ug/dQ. It should be noted that the lead concentration of the materials used in this study
included a sample of turf fiber with a lead concentration of 4,400 mg/kg, This level
contrasts with information on the Medway artificial turf components, which reportedly
either contained lead at 39 mg/kg (crumb rubber infill) or had no lead (turf fibers) (see
discussion later in this letter). Based on the lead result from this one field sample, the
authors suggested that components of artificial turf fields should be certified for low or
no lead content prior to use. Overall, however, the authors concluded that opportunities
for exposure to constituents in these fluids presented very low risk among all
populations that would use artificial turf fields (Pavilonis et al. 2014).
A study conducted in 2010 in the Netherlands assessed the exposure of soccer players
to PAHs after playing sports on a rubber crumb field. Urine testing in participants
indicated that uptake of PAHs by the participants following exposure to artificial turf with
rubber crumb infill was minimal. If there is any exposure, the authors reported, uptake is
minimal and within the normal range of uptake of PAHs from environmental sources,
and/or diet observed in healthy individuals (van Rooij and Jongeneelen 2010).
It is probably worthwhile to also note that MDPH/BEH reviewed testing data for artificial
turf for the Town of Needham, as reported in our letters of 2011 and 2013 to the
Needham Board of Health. The Town of Needham contracted with an environmental
testing firm to conduct environmental tests including, air measurements of volatile
organic compounds taken in the laboratory and heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, zinc) content of crumb rubber materials. Our review
and conclusions for that testing, did not indicate exposures of health concern.
Material in Medway
MDPH/BEH reviewed available information provided by the Medway Board of Health
regarding the specific materials used in the Medway fields, These included the APT
Gridiron turf system and Liberty Tire Recycling 10+20 BM Rubber Crumb Brantford, ON.
Among the materials provided for these products were statements or test results for
various constituents in these products.
APT submitted a written statement dated October 29, 2014, that reported ihat the APT
Gridiron turf systems (essentially the grass fibers of the artificial turf) are manufactured
and installed without the use of any lead or heavy metals. They reported that this
included all materials used for the turf fibers and backings. No other documentation
about this product, including any testing results, was provided to support this statement.
With respect to the 10+20 BM Crumb Rubber infill product, laboratory testing results
were provided for this product, although it is not clear whether the testing was for the
materials specifically used in turf applied in Medway. Testing was conducted for metals
content as well as emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It appears that
testing included the following: (1) testing for VOCs emitted into a confined air space in
the laboratory after heating the product to 73 degrees F; and (2) content testing for eight
heavy metals, including lead. The laboratory compared results to criteria established by
the Greenguard certification program, part of Underwriters Laboratory, that uses among
its criteria for certification health-based levels derived by the CA OEHHA.
Testing results for metals content of the product indicated a lead concentration of 39
mg/kg, which is less than the current Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
(CPSIA) limit of 100 mg/kg for lead in children's products (Ulirsch et al. 2010). No other
metals were detected.
Test results measuring emissions off-gassing from heated material were provided in
measurements that cannot be compared to any health-based standards or guidelines
and thus, MDPH/BEH did not further evaluate this information. Typically, when certain
products raise health concerns, health agencies review Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS). An MSDS provides information on health risks associated with use of the
product. An industry group, Synthetic Turf Council, provides a sample template MSDS
for crumb rubber infill material (Synthetic Turf Council 2014). Although this sample
MSDS is not specific to any particular product, it appears to be applicable to crumb
rubber infill in general. In the section under"Hazardous Ingredients," the MSDS notes
that the product can contain fine fibers that may cause irritation symptoms (e.g., itching,
irritation of mucous membranes, eye irritation). The MSDS notes that the crumb rubber
material is generally thought to be a nuisance dust.
Concerns About Cancer Among Soccer Players
As noted earlier in this letter, some recent news reports suggested that the incidence of
cancers among soccer players, particularly goaltenders exposed to artificial turf, might
be atypical. These reports included many cancer types, but some focused specifically
on NHL, Hodgkin Lymphoma, and osteosarcoma in three individuals. We thought it
would be helpful to provide additional information on cancers in general and known risk
factors for NHL, Hodgkin Lymphoma, and osteosarcoma.
Cancer in General
Understanding that cancer is not one disease, but a group of diseases, is very
important. Research has shown that there are more than 100 different types of cancer,
each with separate causes, risk factors, characteristics and patterns of survival. A risk
factor is anything that increases a person's chance of developing cancer and can
include hereditary conditions, medical conditions or treatments, infections, lifestyle
factors, or environmental exposures. Although risk factors can influence the
development of cancer, most do not directly cause cancer. An individual's risk for
developing cancer may change over time due to many factors and it is likely that
multiple risk factors influence the development of most cancers. In addition, an
individual's risk may depend on a complex interaction between their genetic make-up
and exposure to environmental agents, including infectious agents and/or chemicals,
This may explain why some individuals have a fairly low risk of developing a particular
type of cancer as a result of an environmental exposure, while others are more
vulnerable.
Cancers in general have long latency or development periods that can range from 10 to
30 years in adults, particularly for solid tumors. In some cases, the latency period may
be more than 40 to 50 years. It is important to note, however, that latency periods for
children and adolescents are significantly shorter than for adults.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma is most common in young adults between the ages of 15 and 40,
especially in individuals in their 20s. Among adolescents, it is the most common type of
cancer.
Hodgkin Lymphoma occurs specifically in a type of B lymphocyte (or white blood cell)
called the Reed-Sternberg cell while other lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's types) occur in
different cells.
Established risk factors for Hodgkin Lymphoma include: exposure to the Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV); a previous diagnosis of mononucleosis (mono is caused by the EBV);
family history; and certain hereditary conditions (such as ataxia telangiectasia)
associated with a weakened immune system. The Epstein-Barr virus is very prevalent in
the general population. Even though most of us have been exposed to the virus (which
remains latent in our bodies), most people do not develop mononucleosis or Hodgkin
Lymphoma. EBV is thought to account for about 20% or 25% of the diagnoses of
classical Hodgkin's in the US.
Higher socioeconomic status is also a possible risk factor. This is thought to be due to
delayed infectious exposures in childhood.
Occupational exposures as risk factors have been studied extensively and none have
emerged as established risk factors. Likewise, there is very little evidence linking the
risk of Hodgkin Lymphoma to an environmental exposure, other than the EBV.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
NHL refers to a diverse group of cancers that are characterized by an increase in
malignant cells of the immune system. Each subtype of NHL may have different risk
factors associated with its development. The specific cause of NHL in most individuals
is unknown.
Although some types of NHL are among the more common childhood cancers, more
than 95% of diagnoses occur in adults. Incidence generally increases with age, and
most diagnoses occur in people in their 60s or older.
Established risk factors for NHL include a weakened immune system, associated with
various medical conditions, and exposure to various viruses. An increased risk is faced
by individuals taking immunosuppressant drugs following organ transplants; individuals
with autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus; and individuals who
have taken certain chemotherapy drugs for other cancers. Several viruses have been
shown to play a role in the development of NHL, including the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1), and the Epstein-Barr
virus.
Exposure to high-dose radiation (for example, by survivors of atomic bombs and nuclear
reactor accidents and possibly by patients who have received radiation therapy for a
previous cancer) may pose an increased risk. Some studies have also suggested that
exposure to chemicals such as benzene and certain herbicides and insecticides may be
linked with an increased risk of NHL. Smoking has been associated in some studies
with certain types of NHL.
Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is a type of malignant bone cancer which accounts for about 2% of
childhood cancers in the United States. It is the most common type of cancer that
develops in bone and comprises about 66% of malignant bone tumors in children in
Massachusetts. Most osteosarcomas occur in children and young adults between the
ages of 10 and 30. Teenagers comprise the most commonly affected age group and
are at the highest risk during their growth spurt. However, osteosarcoma can occur in
people of any age, with about 10% of all osteosarcomas occurring in people over the
age of 60.
Established risk factors for osteosarcoma include certain inherited syndromes (such as
retinoblastoma, the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and others) and certain bone diseases
(such as Paget disease of the bone and hereditary multiple osteochondromas).
Individuals with these syndromes and bone diseases have an increased risk of
developing osteosarcoma. People who have received radiation treatment for a previous
cancer may have a higher risk of later developing osteosarcoma in the area that was
treated. Being treated at a younger age and with higher doses of radiation both
increase the risk. Because the risk of osteosarcoma is highest between the ages of 10
and 30, especially during the teenage growth spurt, experts believe that there may be a
link between rapid bone growth and the risk of a bone tumor. Children with
osteosarcoma are often tall for their age, which supports the link with rapid bone
growth. Other than radiation, there are no known lifestyle or environmental risk factors
associated with osteosarcoma. Asides from these risk factors, the causes of most
osteosarcomas are unknown.
Summary
In summary, the scientific literature continues to suggest that exposure opportunities to
artificial turf fields are not generally expected to result in health effects. Testing results
on the crumb rubber infill indicated lead content less than CPSIA statutory limits
established for children's products. For the turf fibers, APT provided a statement that
this material did not have lead used in its manufacture, but no additional documentation
was provided.
With respect to cancer concerns reported in media stories, it is important to note that
the reports of cancers were of a wide variety of different types, each with its own set of
risk factors. In addition, our staff reviewed cancer incidence data for the Town of
Medway. The Massachusetts Cancer Registry (MCR) is a population-based surveillance
system that began collecting information in 1982 on Massachusetts residents diagnosed
with cancer in the state. All newly diagnosed cancer cases among Massachusetts
residents are required by law to be reported to the MCR within six months of the date of
diagnosis (MGL, c.111, s.11113). This information is kept in a confidential database and
reviewed for accuracy and completeness.
Available information on the occurrence of cancers in children living in Medway
indicates no diagnoses of Hodgkin Lymphoma, NHL, or osteosarcoma have been
reported to the MCR in a search of their files from 2006 to the present. Although it is
possible that a very recent diagnosis may not yet have been reported to the MCR, the
fact that there are no reports of such cancers is reassuring.
Although available resources cannot support MDPH conducting environmental testing of
this material, we would be happy to assist the Town of Medway in developing a
sampling and analysis plan as well as provide technical support in interpreting results,
similar to the assistance that we provided to the Town of Needham.
As we stated in our letters to Needham officials, while available information does not
indicate exposure opportunities of health concern, MDPH/BEH continues to recommend
common sense ways to minimize any potential exposure to chemicals that may be
contained in synthetic turf fields made of crumb rubber. MDPH/BEH suggests washing
hands after playing on the field and before eating, particularly for younger children with
frequent hand-to-mouth activity, and taking off shoes before entering the house to
prevent tracking in any crumb rubber particles. Also, there are studies that indicate heat
levels on artificial turf fields may rise as outdoor temperatures increase (New York State
2009). Thus, for protection of the players, MDPH/BEH recommends increasing
hydration, taking frequent breaks, and watering down the field to cool it on hot days to
prevent the potential for burns or heat stress. Finally, based on recent work in
California, MDPH/BEH recommends that steps be taken to minimize the potential for
skin abrasions (e.g., protective equipment) and that skin abrasions be treated promptly
to prevent potential infections.
We hope this information is helpful to you and Medway residents. If you have any
questions, please feel free to contact us at 617-624-5757.
Sincerely,
4�'- qZ6__�_
K. Condon, Associate Commissioner
Director, ureau of Environmental Health
References
American Cancer Society. 2015a. Detailed Guide: Hodgkin disease. Available at
hftp://www.cancer.org/cancer/hodgkindisease/detailedquide/index. Last updated March
4.
American Cancer Society. 2015b. Detailed Guide: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Available at
http://www.cancer.or-q/cancer/non-hod-qkinlymphoma/detailedquide/index. Last updated
March 11.
American Cancer Society. 2015c. Detailed Guide: Osteosarcoma. Available at
hftp://www,cancer.or.q/cancer/osteosarcoma/detailedguide/index. Last updated January
6.
California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. 2010. Safety Study of
Artificial Turf Containing Crumb Rubber Infill Made from Recycled Tires: Measurements
of Chemicals and Particulates in the Air, Bacteria in the Turf, and Skin Abrasions
Cuased by Contact with the Surface. OEHHA, Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology
Branch, Funded by the Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery. October
2010, 121 p.
Connecticut Department of Public Health, 2015. Recent News Concerning Artificial Turf
Fields. Letter to Local Health Departments and Districts, January 20, 2015. Connecticut
Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT.
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and New York State
Department of Health, 2009, An Assessment of Chemical Leaching, Releases to Air and
Temperature at Crumb-Infilled Synthetic Turf Fields.
Pavilonis, BT; CP Weisel; B. buckley; and PJ Lioy. 2014. Bioaccessiblity and Risk of
Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers. Risk
Anal. 34:44-55.
Simcox, NJ; A Bracker; G. Ginsberg; B Toal; B. Golemblewski; T. Kurland; and C.
Hedman. 2011. Synthetic Turf Field Investigation in Connecticut. J Tox Environ Health,
Part A: 74(17):1133-1149,
Synthetic Turf Council. 2014. Guidelines for Crumb Rubber Infill Used in Synthetic Turf
Fields. Printed October 2010, Revised October 23, 2014. Atlanta, GA.
Ulirsch, G; K Gleason; S. Gerstenberger; D Moffett; G. Pulliam, T ahmed; and J.
Fagliano. 2010. Evaluating and Regulating Lead in Synthetic Turf. Environ, Health
Perspect., 118:1345-1349.
von Rooij, DJ, and PJ Jorgeneelen. 2010. Hydroxypyrene in urine of football players
after playing on artificial sports field with the crumb rubber infill. Int Arch Occup Environ
Health, 83(1):105-1 10. DOI: 10.1 007/sOO420-009-0465-y.
i
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Diana Zuckerman, PhD, National Center for Health Research, February 8,2018
1 am Dr. Diana Zuckerman and I am here today as the president of the National Center for Health Research
and as a resident of Montgomery County for more than 25 years. My children grew up in the county and
so this is an issue of great importance to me personally as well as professionally.
I congratulate you on introducing HB 505,to prohibit the use of state funds for artificial turf fields and
playgrounds, and I strongly support it. Public funds should not be used for artificial turf and similarly
dangerous playground materials.
There is considerable misunderstanding about the safety and cost-effectiveness of recycled tire material,
other synthetic rubber,plastics,triclosan,and other synthetic materials on playing fields and
playgrounds. Your focus today is on whether state funding should be used to install and refurbish these
artificial fields. You will hear from others about the fact that these artificial fields are not cost-effective.
Since my training is in epidemiology and public health, I will focus on why investing in artificial turf fields
is bad for our children's health.
Artificial turf is made from synthetic rubber,plastic,and other materials with known health risks. For
example,the widely used material known as crumb rubber or tire crumb includes carcinogens as well as
chemicals that disrupt our body's hormones.These are called endocrine disrupting chemicals,and studies
show that they contribute to earty ,puberty,obesity,and attention deficit disorder. Since breast cancer and
several other cancers are fed by estrogen and other hormones,these materials can also cause cancer in
the long-term.
Some endocrine disrupting chemicals have been banned by Federal law from toys and other products for
young children. It does not make sense that chemicals banned from rubber duckies,teething toys,and
other products used for a relatively short period of time by children are allowed in playing fields and
playgrounds where children are exposed day after day,week after week,and year after year.
,
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The artificial turf industry will tell you that there is no clear evidence that their fields caused any child to
develop cancer. That istrue. But asan epidemiologist,|oanabuteUyouthathnrdecadestherewasno
evidence that smoking caused cancer mr that Agent Orange caused cancer. It takes to develop
. Andeventhen.itisusua(k/innpossiNetoprovethattherancerthatanyindividuaihas
developed was specifically caused by smoking or any other one source of exposure. However,the weight
of the evidence can be clear,even when the specific cause and effect can't be proven. There
evidence that the materials used in synthetic turf can cause cancer,skin irritation,contribute to obesity,
and other health issues.
Artificial grass fields are just part of the problem. Rubber playground materials used to cover the ground
near slides,swings,and other playground equipment are attractive and seem safe,but they are made with
the same kind of tire crumb and"virgin rubber"as athletic fields and have the same risks. Ata local park |
recently saw particles of synthetic rubber and other potentia[ty harmful material break off— it looks like
candy and can end up in children's mouths,as well as up their noses,in their ears,and on their clothes. /\
much safer alternative,which is also ADA-compliant,is engineered wood fiber,which is just aseffective
as softening any falls and has oo dangerous chemicals.
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The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) conducted three laboratory
studies to investigate the potential health risks to children from playground surfaces made from recycled
tires. One study evaluated the level of chemicals released that could cause harm to children after they
have had contact with loose tire shreds,either byeating them orby touching them and then touching their
mouth.The other two studies looked at the risk of injury from falls on playground surfaces made from
recycled tires compared to wood chips,and whether recycled tire shreds could contaminate air or water.M
It would not be ethical to ask children to eat tire shreds,so the researchers created chemical solution that
mimicked the conditions of a child's stomach and placed 10 grams of tire shreds in it for 21 hours at a
temperature of 37'C. Researchers then measured the level of released chemicals in the solution and
compared them to levels EPA considered risky.The study also mimicked a child touching the tire shreds
and then touching her mouth by wiping recycled tire playground surfaces and measuring chemical levels
on the wipes.To evaluate skin contact alone,the researchers tested guinea pigs to see if rubber tire
playground samples caused any health problems.This study assumed that children would be using the
playground from the ages of I through 12. Results of the OEHHA studies showed that a single incident of
eating or touching tire shreds would probably not harm a chi[d's health,but repeated or long-term
exposure might. Five chemicals,including four PAHs, were found on wipe samples.One of the PAHs,
^chrysene.^washigherthantheriskheve|estab|ishedbytheDEHH4.andtherefore.couidpnssibiy
increase the chances ofa child developing cancer.N
Out of the 32 playgrounds surfaced in recycled tires that the researchers in California looked at,only 10
met that state's standard for"head impact safety"to reduce brain injury and other serious harm in
children who faU while playing. In contrast,all five surfaces made of wood chips met the safety standard.01
A 2012 study analyzing rubber mutch taken from children's playgrounds found harmful chemicals in a[[of
them,often at high levetsJ21 Twenty-one samples were collected from 9 playgrounds,and the results
showed that all samples contained at least one hazardous chemical,and most contained high
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concentrations of several P4Hs.Several of the identified PAHs can be released into the air bv heat,and
when that happens children are likely to inhale them.While the heat needed to do this was very high in
some cases (140 degrees Fahrenheit), many of the chemicals also became airborne at a much lower
temperature of77OF. And since rubber playgrounds retain much more heat than grass or dirt,a
temperature of 140 degrees can happen even on a sunny spring,summer,or fall day when the
temperature near grass is only 7Udegrees. The authors concluded that the use mf rubber recycled tires on �
�
playgrounds"should be restricted mr even prohibited in some cases.^u}
A 2015 report by Yale scientists analyzed the chemicals found in 5 samples of tire crumbs from 5 different
companies that install school athletic fields,and 9 different samples taken from 9 different unopened bags
of playground rubber mulch.The researchers detected 96 chemicals in the samples.A [ittte under a half
have never been studied for their health effects,so their risks are unknown,and the other chemicals have
been tested for health effects,but those tests were not thorough. Based on the studies that were done,
20%of the chemicals that had been tested are considered to probably can cause cancer,and 40%are
irritants that can cause breathing problems such as asthma,and/or canirriteteskinmreyes. /3,
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The EPA created a working group that collected and analyzed data from playgrounds and artificial turf
fields that used recycled tire material.Samples were collected at six turf fields and two playgrounds in
four study sites (Maryland, North Carolina,Georgia and Ohio). In report released in 2O09.the agency
concluded that the level of chemicals monitored in the study and detected in the samples were"below
levels of concern." However,there were limitations to this study because they did not measure the
concentration of organic chemicals that are known to vaporize during summer heat,such as PAHs.
Due tothe small number of samples and sampling sites used,the EPA stated that it is not possible to
know if these findings are typical of other playgrounds or fields until additional studies are conducted.[41
When announcing the results of the study,EPA joined other organizations in recommending that as a
precaution,young children wash their hands frequently after playing outside.141
A meeting was then convened by the EPA in 2010,bringing together various state and federal agencies to
discuss safe levels of chemical exposure on playgrounds made from recycled tire rubber,and
opportunities for additional research.141 In the case of PAHs,the EPA has concluded that white there are
currently no human studies available to determine their effects at various levels,based on laboratory
hndings.''braathingPAHsandskincontoctseerntmbeossociatedwithcancerinhurnans.^(s|
In February 2016,the U.S.government announced a new action plan to better understand the likely health
risks of recycled tire crumb and similar artificial surfaces.This initiative involves 4 U.S.government
agencies: the EPA,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR) and Consumer Product and Safety Commission (CPSC). However, I'm sure
many of you are aware that the current EPA is unlikely to complete the analysis in an objective,scientific
way.
In summary,it is essential that the State of Maryland stop paying for artificial turf fields and playgrounds
that can clearly exacerbate our chiidren's existing health problems and cause new health problems. Let's
'
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instead invest in safe,natural playing fields,unless any artificial alternatives are proven to be safer,more
effective,and as cost-effective asgrass.
References:
l. State of California-Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA),Contractor's
Report to the Board. Evaluation of Health Effects of Recycled Waste Tires in Playground and Track
Products.January 20O7
http://www.calrecycte.ca.gov/Publications/Documents/1206/62206013.pdf Accessed February
2018.
2. Ltompart M,Sanchez-Prado L,Lamas JP,Garcia-Jares C,et at. Hazardous organic chemicals in
rubber recycled tire playgrounds and pavers.[hennosphere20l3;9U(2):423-43l
Accessed February
2018.
3. Yale Study Reveals Carcinogens and Skin Irritants in Synthetic Turf.
-
Accessed February 2CO8.
4` US Environmental Protection Agency(EP4). Fact Sheet—TheUseofRecycledTlreMahehaLson
Playgrounds& Artificial Turf
Fle|ds. ~^�'''
�
Accessed February 2CU8.
5. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)-Fact
Sheet. November 2OO9.
Accessed February 2Ol8.
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North Andover Health Department
Community and Economic Development Division
MEMORANDUM
To: The North Andover Planning Board
Fror : The North Andover Board of Health
RE: Artificial"turf Fields
Date: March 1.8, 2019
The North Andover Board of Health appreciates the opportunity to submit this evaluation and
recommendation to the North Andover Planning Board. Please note that the North.Andover Board
of Health does not endorse any specific consumer products and this is in response to the Planning
Board's request to the Board of Health for review and recommendation regarding any public
health hazards associated with artificial turf fields (ATF's).
The North.Andover Board of Health has considered whether the ATF proposed at the recreational
complex to be constructed at 495 Main Street,North Andover poses any health risks to users or
bystanders. The Board has reviewed numerous articles, literature, goverment studies and
scientific data relevant to this topic. This research identifies the following areas as potential issues
or concerns relative to AI":1{'s and crumb rubber infill and provides mitigating measures to reduce
or eliminate such concerns. 'The Board understands that there are still ongoing studies and data.
gaps and will examine any new evidence, studies or data as it is published. Should you require
any further information, please do not hesitate to contact Brian LaGrasse,North Andover Director
of Public Health.
The North Andover Board of Health held a public meeting on March 14, 2019 to discuss the
research and the public health hazards associated with ATF's and made the following
recommendations:
North Andover Health Department
120 Main Street
North Andover,MA 01845
Phone: 978.688.9540 Fax: 978.688.9542
1. Treatment of Minor Scrapes and Cuts
The Board considered data and fact sheets about disease transmission from sports, sporting
equipment and surfaces that may be impacted or contain methicillin-resistant staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) or staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)particularly were cuts and scrapes occur.
Research has determined that survival rate of S. aureus and MRSA on natural grass or
artificial turf is the same. Both have a very low rate of survival,particularly when exposed to
UV light and higher temperatures.
The Centers for Disease Control provides information on prevention of S. aureus and MRSA
infections. It states that even if surfaces contain S. aureus and MRSA, a person who comes
into contact with surfaces will not necessarily develop an infection S. aureus and MRSA are
most likely to cause problems when someone has a cut or scrape that is not covered. So it is
important to cover cuts and open wounds with bandages.
BOH Recommendation: Immediately clean and cover any cuts, abrasions or wounds and
practice good personal hygiene.
2. Crumb Rubber and Artificial Turf
The crumb rubber infill that is part of most artificial turf fields is made from recycled ground
tires which contain metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic
compounds (PAHs).
The Board reviewed the Massachusetts Department of Public Health(MDPH), Bureau of
Environmental Health,position letters based on scientific literature. MDPH concluded that
lead was not found in polyethylene grass fibers used in artificial turf fields, so these are
preferable to nylon grass fibers, some of which had been found to contain lead. Several
government agencies also reported that current information does not suggest that exposure to
ATF's pose any significant risk or adverse health effects.
BOH Recommendation: The chemicals comprising the artificial turf components do not
appear to pose any significant risk to children and adults using the field, based on research to
date. Low or no lead turf fibers and materials should be acceptable and normal construction
standards for municipal field projects. All materials should be certified low or no lead
products and they should all meet the standards set forth in the Consumer Product Safety and
Improvement Act. Alternatives such as thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) should also be
researched and considered as the turf infill.
Notth Andover Flealth Dep-,atrnent
120 Main Street
Notth Andover,MA 01845
Phone: 978.688.9540 Fax: 978.688.9542
3. Heat Stress
Available information suggests that beat levels are elevated on artificial fields with crumb
rubber infill. The elevated temperatures were more pronounced in direct sunlight but was
reduced when cloud cover was present and in shaded areas.
The use of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) can mitigate the elevated temperatures as TPE can
be manufactured in lighter colors which generate less heat than the black tire crumb infill.
BOH Recommendation: It is important that people who play on the fields be provided with
adequate warnings regarding the potential for heat stress. Posting of signage and educating
artificial-turf field users that the field can heat up quicker than the surrounding ambient
environment in the hot weather is important. Having sufficient hydration and shade tents may
be beneficial in combating the increased temperatures that can be realized on artificial turf
fields with dark colored infill..
The Board wants to note that ATF infrastructure is already in place in town and has been in use
for several years without concern. In conclusion, the aforementioned recommendations are based
on available information and research that the Board of Health found to be from credible sources.
To date the evidence and scientific research published largely has concluded that any adverse
health effects associated with use of ATF's is unlikely at this time. The Board acknowledges that
there are gaps in the conclusive data and that there are several ongoing studies yet to be published.
The Board will examine any new credible evidence and scientific studies when they are published
and reserves the right to issue additional recommendations.
Please feel free to call or email me if you have any questions, comments or concerns.
Since' ly,
prian J. aGrasse,
Director of Public Health
CC: BOH
North.Andover Flealth Dcpartinent
120 Main Street
North Andover,NlYk 01845
Phone: 978.688.9540 Fax: 978.688.9542