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ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTENSIVE (LOCATIONAL) SURVEY FOR THE
PROPOSED REDEVELOPMENT OF 1600 OSGOOD STREET,
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,
ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS
Prepared for
Epsilon Associates, Inc.
3 Mill & Main Place, Suite 250
Maynard, Massachusetts 01754
Submitted to
The Massachusetts Historical Commission
220 Morrissey Boulevard
Boston, MA 02125
By
Martin G. Dudek and Barbara Donohue
Commonwealth Heritage Group, Inc.
410 Great Road, Suite B 14
Littleton, Massachusetts 01460
April 24, 2020
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
A total of 100 test pits (50-x-50 cm) was excavated, with 92 test pits along nine transects and
eight judgmentally-placed test pits. No archaeological sites were identified and no precontact
artifacts were encountered. A total of 94 historic or modern artifacts were recovered, primarily
dating from the nineteenth to twentieth century. Most cultural materials came from landscaping
fi11 or plowzone contexts and none are considered to be of potential significance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1
2.0 INTENSIVE SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN..................................................................3
2.1 Statement of Purpose..............................................................................................3
2.2 Documentary Research...........................................................................................3
2.3 Intensive Survey Field Methods and Strategies.....................................................4
2.4 Laboratory Processing and Analysis......................................................................6
3.0 PROJECT CONTEXT ........................................................................................................7
3.1 Environmental Context...........................................................................................7
3.2 Precontact Context.................................................................................................8
3.2.1 Known Precontact Sites in the Project Vicinity......................................12
3.2.2 Potential for Precontact Sites ..................................................................16
3.3 Historic Context...................................................................................................17
3.3.1 Known Historic Sites ..............................................................................20
3.3.2 Potential for Historic Sites......................................................................21
4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY....................................................................22
4.1 Archaeological Assessment of the Project Area..................................................23
4.2 Results of the Archaeological Intensive Survey Field Testing.............................25
4.3 Recovered Cultural Material................................................................................31
5.0 CONCLUDING SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................33
6.0 REFERENCES CITED.....................................................................................................34
Figures
Plates
Appendix I—Artifacts Catalogue
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of soil types located within the Project Area.........................................7
Table 2. Recorded precontact archaeological sites within 3-4 km of the Project Area......12
Table 3. Summary of cultural materials recovered from the intensive survey...................32
LIST of FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Project Location at 1600 Osgood Street in North Andover, Massachusetts on the
current 7.5-minute USGS quadrangle.
Figure 2. Project Location at 1600 Osgood Street in North Andover, Massachusetts on
aerial locus map.
Figure 3. Proposed site plan for 1600 Osgood Street,North Andover,Massachusetts.
Figure 4. Existing coverage plan for 1600 Osgood Street,North Andover, Massachusetts.
Figure 5. Proposed coverage plan for 1600 Osgood Street,North Andover, Massachusetts.
Figure 6. Detail of Andover in 1795 (Farnum and Abbott).
Figure 7. Detail of Andover in 1830(Dorman,Jr.).
Figure 8. Detail of North Andover in 1852 (Walling).
Figure 9. Detail of North Andover in 1872 (Beers).
Figure 10. Location of Project Area on Historical Topo Map 1893 (Lever 2020).
Figure 11. Location of Project Area on Historical Topo Map 1918 (Lever 2020).
Figure 12. Location of Project Area on 1938 aerial (Lever 2020).
Figure 13. Location of Project Area on Historical Topo Map 1966, 1968 (Lever 2020).
Figure 14. Location of Project Area on 1965 aerial(Lever 2020).
Figure 15. Location of Project Area on 2016 aerial(Lever 2020).
Figure 16. Archaeological sensitivity field assessment photographic views on the aerial
locus map.
Figure 17. Testing locations for Transects 1 to 5 and JTPs 1 to 3 in open fields and ball field
in the North Area.
Figure 18. Representative test pit profiles for Transects 1, IA and 2 in the north field area
(STPs T1-14, T1A-7, and T2-1).
Figure 19. Representative test pit profiles for Transects 3A, 4 and 5 in the baseball field
(STPs T3A-1, T4-1, and T5-4).
Figure 20. Testing locations for Transect 6 on wooded hill top and JTPs 4 to 5 in grassy
yard area in the South Area.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 21. Representative test pit profiles for Transects 6 and 7 in the south and west
sensitive areas (STPs T6-7, T7-16, and JTP 6).
Figure 22. Testing locations for Transect 7 by fence and JTPs 6 and 6N in grassy truncated
field and JTP 7 on built-up/filled field in the West Area.
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1. South entrance into 1600 Osgood Street,view northeast.
Plate 2. Entrance drive, parking lots and buildings of 1600 Osgood Street, view
north.
Plate 3. Cut-away wooded hillside at south end of Limit of Disturbance, view
southwest.
Plate 4. Wooded hillside by south end of Limit of Disturbance,view west.
Plate 5. Cut-away hillside at south end of parking lots, view west.
Plate 6. Cut-away and graded slopes at south end of Limit of Disturbance, view
southeast.
Plate 7. Buried tank on filled rise at southwest Limit of Disturbance, view west.
Plate 8. Parking lots to be removed at west side of development area, view east.
Plate 9. Parking lot fringed by wetlands at southwest end of Limit of
Disturbance, view northwest. Municipal landfill and industrial complex
is beyond the border of trees.
Plate 10. Truncated field at west end of Limit of Disturbance with some intact
soils by fence,view west.
Plate 11. Hydric clayey field/wetland at west end of Limit of Disturbance, view
north across field to filled bank.
Plate 12. Filled bank at fence by railroad and powerline at northwest end of Limit
of Disturbance,view north.
Plate 13. Playing fields north of 1600 Osgood building complex,view south.
Plate 14. Baseball field north of 1600 Osgood building complex, view southeast.
Plate 15. Parking lot between fields and railroad,view southwest.
Plate 16. North end of parking lot by raised rail bed, with low clayey field to
north; view west.
Plate 17. Raised field at north end of Limit of Disturbance, view northeast.
Plate 18. Raised field extending to playing fields east of parking lot, view
southeast.
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 19. Raised field with soil core in intact soils at north end of Limit of
Disturbance, view south.
Plate 20. Graded and paved circle on top raised field near playing fields, view
southwest.
Plate 21. Testing at STP T 1-7 in grassy field,view southwest.
Plate 22. Testing at STPs T2-3 to T2-1 near paved circle and access road,view south.
Plate 23. Testing at STP T2-6 in grassy field by mulch pile, view northeast.
Plate 24. Transect 1 A was added (in foreground) between Transect 1 (in background) and
Transect 2,view northeast.
Plate 25. North wall profile of STP T2-1 to 94 cmbs exhibiting a buried plowzone and B
and C horizons below surface fill, view north; vertical scale is in 5-cm
increments.
Plate 26. North wall profile of STP T2-7 to 64 cmbs exhibiting an upper plowzone over a
truncated C horizon,view northeast.
Plate 27. Testing at STP T 1 A-12 in grassy field, view northeast; vertical scale is in 5-cm
increments,north arrow scale is in 10-cm increments.
Plate 28. East wall profile of STP T 1 A-12 to 72 cmbs exhibiting multiple sand fill layers
in what may be a filled wetland or trench, view southeast; scales are in 5-cm
increments.
Plate 29. Testing at STPs T3-1 to T34 in the baseball field,view south.
Plate 30. Testing at STPs T4-1 to T44 in the baseball field,view southeast.
Plate 31. STP T4-1 at 67 cmbs with soil stain and charcoal flecks in southwest corner but
no cultural material — possible tree burn; view south; vertical scale is in 5-cm
increments,north arrow scale is in 10-cm increments.
Plate 32. South wall profile of STP T4-3 to 71 cmbs exhibiting fill layers over a truncated
C horizon,view south; vertical scale is in 5-cm increments.
Plate 33. Transect 5 testing from T5-1 to T5-3 (in background) and east-west Transect 3A
added between STPs T3-1 and T5-1 (to right),view southwest.
Plate 34. Testing at STP T6-1 on top wooded hill south of parking lots,view east.
Plate 35. North wall profile of STP T6-5 to 59 cmbs exhibiting thin natural Ao, Al, B 1,
B2 and C soil horizons,view north; scales are in 5-cm increments.
Plate 36. Testing at JTP 6 in field near Transect 7 testing along fence, view northwest
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 37. North wall profile of JTP 6 to 120 curbs exhibiting a buried plowzone and B and
C horizons below surface fill, view north; scales are in 5-cm increments.
Plate 38. North wall profile of T7-9 to 71 crabs exhibiting buried A, B and C horizons
below surface fill,view north; scales are in 5-cm increments.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
LO INTRODUCTION
Epsilon Associates, Inc. (Epsilon), on behalf of the Hillwood Enterprises, LP, contracted
Commonwealth Heritage Group, Inc. (Commonwealth) to conduct an archaeological intensive
(locational) survey for the proposed 1600 Osgood Street Redevelopment Project(the "project") in
the town of North Andover, Essex County, Massachusetts (Figures 1 to 5).
The project site is located a 168-acre industrial complex known as 1600 Osgood Street and
includes a total of approximately 1.9 million square feet of existing buildings, parking lots,
baseball field and other associated improvements, which was initially constructed in 1953 with
later additions and alterations. The facility was built for Western Electric, one of many locations
which produced telephones and communications equipment. Western Electric later merged with
AT&T, and the facility was thereafter acquired by Lucent Technologies, Inc. in 1996. In 2003,
Lucent Technologies, Inc. sold the site to 1600 Osgood Street, LLC and the site is currently
known as Osgood Landing. The existing site includes a variety of uses, including a 6 megawatt
("MW") solar energy facility, which includes roof-mounted panels as well as ground-mounted
solar panels and related facilities.
The project site is bounded to the north by the MBTA commuter rail tracks and the Merrimack
River; to the east by Osgood Street (Route 125); to the south by Holt Road; and to the west by
industrial businesses and a capped landfill. Several commercial and residential properties exist
opposite the project site on the east side of Route 125 (Osgood Street). Most of the northern,
eastern and western portions of the project site are developed with a mix of industrial/commercial
buildings, impervious parking lots, solar arrays and baseball field. The southern portion of the
project site is mostly undeveloped forested and maintained meadow/grass fields. The principal
building is divided into three sections, the three-story office section at the eastern end, a two story
industrial manufacturing building in the center, and two large warehouses to the rear (west).
Numerous other support buildings and structures surround the principal buildings.
Hillwood Enterprises, LP is proposing to redevelop the existing industrial complex at 1600
Osgood Street in North Andover with a new approximately 817,212 s.f./3,835,500 g.s.f e-
commerce storage, warehouse and distribution facility. The existing three-story office portion of
the principal building located towards the front of the site and constructed in 1953 will remain
(referred to as Buildings 20 and 21 on Figures 3 and 4). The remainder of the principal building
and other smaller support buildings and structures built 1953 or later will be demolished. A new
five-story distribution center will be constructed toward the rear (western) end of the parcel.
Existing parking lots will be rearranged. Existing roof mounted and ground mounted solar panels
will be moved and mounted on the ground along with additional panels on the northern portion of
the property in place of existing parking lots and athletic fields. Portions of the existing asphalt
parking lots at the northern end of the property will have their asphalt surface removed and the
area restored to grassland.
The Project Area is located in an archaeologically sensitive area based on its proximity to two
recorded ancient Native American archaeological sites and its environmental setting. The project
environmental setting includes upland locations containing areas of well-drained soils located in
proximity to the wetlands and water resources of the Merrimack River and unnamed feeder
streams, favorable for ancient and historical period land use and occupation. As a result, the MHC
1
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
has requested that an intensive (locational) archaeological survey be conducted for the
archaeologically sensitive portions of the project(MHC Letter dated January 18, 2020).
The purpose of the intensive (locational) survey is to identify whether potentially significant
archaeological resources are present that could be affected by the Project. The intensive survey
was conducted under Permit 3995 issued by the State Archaeologist and in compliance with state
and federal regulations - Section 106 of the National Preservation Act of 1966 as amended (36
CFR 800), MGL c. 9, ss 26-27C (950 CMR 70-71), and MEPA(301 CMR 11).
This document is Commonwealth's summary report on the intensive (locational) archaeological
survey.
2
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
2.0 INTENSIVE SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
1.0 INTENSIVE SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
2A STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
Epsilon Associates, Inc. (Epsilon), on behalf of the Hillwood Enterprises, LP, contracted
Commonwealth Heritage Group, Inc. (Commonwealth) to conduct an archaeological intensive
(locational) survey for the proposed 1600 Osgood Street Redevelopment Project(the "project") in
the town of North Andover, Essex County, Massachusetts (Figures 1 to 5). The purpose of the
intensive survey is to identify whether potentially significant archaeological sites are present (i.e.
sites that could be eligible for inclusion in the National and State Registers of Historic Places).
2.2 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
Documentary research for the present survey included review of files from the MHC Inventory of
buildings, areas, precontact and historical archaeological site files; historic maps and the town
survey report for the town of North Andover on file at the MHC and online at MACRIS. This
information has been used to assess the precontact and historic potential of the Project Area and
to further develop the precontact and historic context.
2.3 INTENSIVE SURVEY FIELD METHODS AND STRATEGIES
Archaeological testing within the Project Area involved a combination of systematic and
judgmental testing with square 50-x-50 cm standard test pits (STPs) excavated within sensitive
areas where ground disturbance may take place. Systematic archaeological testing was conducted
at 10-m intervals along transects.
Northern Test Area
The northern test area includes an open space ridge, baseball fields, and a yard area north of the
1600 Osgood Street building complex. Despite filling and grading impacts in the baseball fields, a
portion of the area is still intact. The grassy ridge north of the playing fields retains integrity and
is in close proximity to a brook, wetlands, and a known significant precontact archaeological site.
Transects 1 and 2 were planned and located at a raised field/ridge landform north of the baseball
fields. Approximately 15 STPs at 10-m intervals were planned for each transect. A total of 16
STPs were excavated for Transect 1 and 15 STPs for Transect 2.
For the filled and leveled playing fields three transects were planned: Transects 3 to 5; it was
anticipated that each transect would have about 10 STPs but that where deep fill (over 85 cm
deep)became characteristic of the field, soil cores would be executed every 10-m across the filled
area to identify whether natural stratigraphy was present. STPs not excavated due to deep fill
could be relocated as additional transects where intact natural stratigraphy was encountered in the
northern test area. As a result of significant disturbance in the playing fields, with fill over
truncated substratum/C horizons, the testing for Transects 3 to 4 had five STPs per transect and
four STPs for Transect 5. Soil cores were taken from T3-6 to T3-10, T4-6 to T4-10, and T5-5 to
T5-10, confirming disturbance across the areas.
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
2.0 INTENSIVE SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
Two additional transects were added with Transect IA (STPs T 1 A-7 to T 1 A-15) set south to
north between Transects I and 2, and Transect 3A set east-west from STP T4-1 to T5-1. These
two transects made use of the 16 STPs originally planned for the playing fields that would have
been located in deeply filled areas and were cored to confirm fill instead of tested with STPs.
Both Transects T1A and T3A were located in grassy fields where natural stratigraphy was
encountered at one or more STPs and the chance of encountering intact stratigraphy was
considered likely.
Judgmentally-placed test pits (JTPs)were proposed for testing for the graded grassy yard south of
the baseball fields and located between the paved development roadway and parking lots;
between three to five JTPs were planned for this area but as no intact soil was encountered, three
JTPs (JTP 1 to JTP 3)were excavated across the area.
Southern Area
Most of the southern portion of the project area consists of excavated and leveled parking lots or
truncated yard areas. The wooded hill south of the parking lots retains natural stratigraphic
integrity, is near a natural brook, and has well drained sandy soils. The Limit of Disturbance
(LOD) approaches the edge of the top of the wooded hill and Transect 6 was proposed to test the
top of the hill near the cutaway slope where the LOD is adjacent. The testing was designed to
identify whether there is a cultural resource in proximity to the LOD that may require avoidance
and protection. It was anticipated that Transect 6 would have approximately 15 STPs at 10-m
intervals, avoiding steep slope and cutaway bank; 15 STPs were excavated, with some disturbed
areas noted and no cultural materials encountered.
JTPs were proposed for testing the graded grassy yard located near Osgood Street between the
paved south entry road and the first parking lot to the north. Between two to three JTPs were
planned for this area to check for natural soil horizons, but as no intact soil was encountered, two
JTPs (JTP 4 and JTP 5)were excavated.
Western Area
The western area of the Project Area consists primarily of parking lots and a low hydric field.
However, there is a small raised area along the western property fence within an open dirt field
that retains natural A, B 1, B2 and C horizons. For the latter area, a test transect was proposed
along the fence line in the intact area with a transect (Transect 7) of up to 15 STPs; in all 16 STPs
were excavated,with variable amounts of intact soil horizons but no cultural material.
In addition, one to two JTPs were proposed to test the truncated field for buried paleosols; two
JTPs (JTP 6 and JTP 6N) were excavated. JTP 6 encountered a plowzone below fill, with intact B
and C horizons, but with no cultural material in the buried natural horizons, only a butchered
bone fragment from the surface fill. As a result a second JTP was added 10-m to the north but
encountered a truncated B2/C horizon below the fill.
Another one to two JTPs were proposed for the filled raised area near the fenced railroad ROW to
the north that appeared to be of deep built-up fill to attempt to identify buried natural stratigraphy;
one JTP confirmed deep fill over hydric mixed lower fill; no intact soil horizons were identified.
4
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
2.0 INTENSIVE SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
Additional test pit arrays were planned for isolated test pits in which Native American artifacts,
calcined bone, possible Native American features, or early historic (17th- 18th century) artifacts
were recovered. As no precontact or early historic material was encountered, no arrays test pits
were excavated.
Proposed STPs Excavated STPs
Northern Area: 63 to 65 STPs 64 STPs
Southern Area: 17 to 18 STPs 17 STPs
Western Area: 17 to 19 STPs 19 STPs
Total: 97 STPs (minimally) 100 STPs
Soil from the STPs was excavated by natural strata or by 10-cm levels if natural strata exceed 10-
cm in depth. Interfaces between natural strata were examined for the possible presence of cultural
features such as hearths, middens, and post molds. All excavated soil was screened with one-
quarter inch hardware cloth to ensure uniform recovery of artifacts. Test pits were excavated
deeply into sterile soil, into the top of the C horizon where possible. A possible feature
encountered was drawn and photographed, with fine screening (1/8" mesh) and a soil sample
taken. The ephemeral stain had charcoal flecks but no cultural material and was present deep in
the sterile C horizon. Based on careful field analysis it appears to have been the remains of a root
burn, which would best explain the location of the stain below the intact sterile C horizon and
lack of a paleosol.
Recovered artifacts were placed in bags marked with standard provenience information and
returned to Commonwealth's Littleton, Massachusetts laboratory for processing. Coal-related
products (coal, cinder, clinker and slag) were noted on field forms by level and context but not
recovered. Modern trash (such as plastic, cellophane and foil packaging, recent beverage
containers, foam products, etc.), were not common but were noted and not saved unless
informative on the depth of fill or disturbance within the Project Area. Notes and a soil profile of
each STP were recorded on pre-printed standardized forms. The locations of STPs were plotted
on maps of the Project Area and also recorded with sub-meter capable GPS units. Throughout the
archaeological testing, field activities were photographed and field notes recorded the methods
and results of all testing.
2.4 LABORATORY PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
Artifacts recovered in the course of the field investigations were cleaned and inventoried
following the current guidelines established by the MHC (950 CMR 70:13). To the extent
practical, the recovered artifacts were identified as to material, temporal or cultural/chronological
association, style, and function and entered into an Alpha 4 computer cataloguing system for
analysis. Attributes will include material, functional classification (type of artifact), temporal and
descriptive data for artifacts, as well as color and metric data as appropriate. Cataloged materials
were placed in archival resealable plastic bags for long-term curation. Provenience information
was recorded on the outsides of the bags using a permanent marker.
5
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
2.0 INTENSIVE SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
Once processed, the artifacts will be stored in acid-free containers for curation at the collection
storage facility of Commonwealth at 410 Great Road, Littleton, Massachusetts pending transfer to
a MHC approved long-term curation facility at a later date following completion of the
archaeological investigation.
6
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
3.0 PROJECT CONTEXT
10 PROJECT CONTEXT
3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
The town of North Andover is within the northwestern portion of Essex County, bounded on the
north by Haverhill and Boxford, on the east by Boxford and Middleton, on the south by
Middleton and North Reading and on the west by Andover and Lawrence. The town of North
Andover is within the New England Seaboard Lowland a relatively smooth coastal strip of land
with some hills, within the Merrimack River drainage. Locally, this portion of Essex County is
higher in elevation than more easterly areas and contains several hills, valleys, meadows and
plains. Elevations average between 100 and 200 feet throughout most of the town except along
the Merrimack River where elevations are less than 50 feet. Most hills in the town approach or
exceed 300 feet. The Project Area is adjacent to the Merrimack River, with most elevations in the
90 to 100 ft range. This area is comprised of a relatively smooth terrain, with undulating or hilly
terrain to the north and south. The Project Area crosses the floor of Glacial Lake Merrimack
which was about 20 miles long and five miles wide (Skehan 2001, Massachusetts Historical
Commission(MHC) 1985).
The soils present in the Project Area consist primarily of disturbed soils, with Woodbridge fine
sandy loam on the wooded hill to the south, Agawam fine sandy loam on a raised field to the
north of playing fields, and fringe areas of Windsor loamy sand and several other soil types. Soils
within the Project Area include well drained to excessively well drained soils that range from
near level to steeply sloping. Table 1 lists the soils and describes their characteristics
(https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/gpp/WebSoilSurvey.aspx,USDA 1981).
Table 1. Summary of soil types located within the Project Area.
# Soil Slope Drainage Description Usage
6A Scarboro 0-1% Very poorly Organic soils in Nearly level,deep(5+ft)very poorly
mucky fine drained Bogs, drained organic soils in depressions
sandy loam depressions, and on flat areas of uplands and
kettles,marshes, glacial outwash plains. Most acreage
swamps idle or wooded; poorly suited for
farming and community development
due to high water table; most areas
protected by wetland legislation.
Southwest edge of Project Area.
225B Belgrade very 3 to 8% Moderately Formed in valleys Prime farmland, friable coarse-silty
fine sandy well drained and base slopes eolian deposits over soft coarse-silty
loam glaciolacustrine deposits derived
from metamorphic rock. Low ground
at the northern end of the Project
Area north of ball fields.
255A Windsor loamy 0 to 3% Excessively Formed in glacial Most areas farmed, some developed;
255B sand 3 to 8% drained sandy outwash well suited for cultivated crops, hay,
255C 8 to 15% and are located and improved pasture, limited by
on glacial drought and erosion; suitable for
outwash plains, building development but poor filter
terraces,deltas capacity can result in pollution of
and escarpments ground water. Favorable soil type for
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archaeological site locations.Includes
northern low areas and flats of the
Project Area but does not take into
consideration significant disturbance
- areas shown as having 8 to 15%
slopes but are now low level areas
and parking lots.
257E Hinkley and 25 to 35% Excessively Formed on crests Not prime farmland, sandy and
Windsor soils drained and slopes of gravelly glaciofluvial deposits
glacial sandy derived from gneiss and/or granite
outwash and are and/or schist. Wooded hill at the
located on southeast end of the Project Area.
outwash deltas,
moraines,eskers,
outwash terraces,
kame terraces,
outwash plains,
and kames
275A Agawam fine 0 to 3% Well drained Formed on Prime farmland, coarse-loamy eolian
sandy loam summit and deposits over sandy and gravelly
slopes of kames, glaciofluvial deposits derived from
moraines, gneiss,granite,schist,and/or phyllite.
outwash terraces, Wooded hill at the northern rise of
outwash plains, the Project Area north of ball fields.
and kame terraces
310C Woodbridge 8 to 15% Moderately Formed on slopes Farmland of statewide importance,
fine sandy well drained of hills,drumlins, coarse-loamy lodgment till derived
loam and ground from gneiss, granite, and/or schist.
moraines. Wooded hill at the south end of the
Project Area.
602 Urban land Variable Variable Excavated and Excavated and filled land. Disturbed
filled land soil type. Covers most of the Project
Area, in particular where buildings
and parking lots are.
651 Udorthents, Variable Variable Excavated and Excavated and filled land - loamy
smoothed filled land and/or excavated and filled land
sandy and gravelly. Disturbed soil
type. Present along Osgood Street,
includes parking lots, grassy yards,
and baseball fields.
713A Limerick and 0 to 3% Poorly Alluvial soils Not prime farmland. Coarse-silty
Rumney soils drained alluvium derived from mica schist
over friable sandy alluvium derived
from mica schist. West edge of
Project Area.
12 PRECONTACT CONTEXT
The precontact period of eastern North America is divided into three major chronological stages
of cultural development: Paleoindian (12,000-9,000 Before Present or BP), Archaic (9,000-3,000
BP), and Woodland (3,000-450 BP). The Archaic and Woodland periods are further divided into
Early, Middle, and Late sub periods. Subsequent research and radiocarbon dating have helped to
refine the chronology, cultural trends and artifact traditions as discovered on sites from these
periods.
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For most of the precontact period in the region, river drainages define physiographic units within
which human communities operate. This pattern follows from the longitudinal diversity of
habitats that occurs along drainages, forming ecologically unique wetland habitats, together with
the transportation routes afforded by their water courses. In the clearest examples, rivers provide
access to maritime and upland resources at each end of the drainage, and to the diverse habitats in
between. The exploitation of those habitats can be integrated into a seasonal round that differs at
various historical moments.
The late Pleistocene geological period witnessed major environmental changes which, in time,
impacted the peopling of the Americas, and thus the earliest Native American occupations in the
New England area. Southern New England was covered by a sheet of ice 1.5 km. thick, which
extended over what are now Long Island, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. At this time, the sea
level was about 100 m lower than it is at present, because of the enormous amount of water tied
up in the glacial ice sheets. Only when the ice sheet began to melt, beginning ca. 15,000 BP, was
southern New England habitable; by ca. 13,000 BP the ice sheet had retreated to expose
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and southeastern Massachusetts and by ca. 12,000 BP all of New
England was uncovered(Stone and Borns 1986).
During this time, sea levels rose sharply as deglaciation liberated enormous amounts of water,
while isostatic rebound of land depressed by the weight of the former ice sheet quickly elevated
large regions, especially in Maine. The physical landscape of New England in the terminal
Pleistocene period was very different from that of today. The coastline was well seaward of its
present position, and the modern coastal configuration was not reached until about 3000 BP,
when sea levels were still several meters below those of the present. Deglaciation created large
lakes in the Hudson-Champlain drainages and in the Connecticut Valley and many other smaller
bodies of water in Massachusetts (Curran and Dincauze 1977, Dincauze 1974, Koteff 1982,
Larsen and Hartshorn 1982, Stone and Peper 1982). The major lake systems were drained by
121500 BP, while the smaller bodies of water gradually filled with sediment, leaving marshes,
bogs, ponds and small lakes. With progressive deglaciation and rising regional temperatures,
vegetation changed relatively quickly, from tundra to spruce parkland(by ca. 9000 BP)to an oak-
hemlock association (by 7000 BP); at the same time, general climatic conditions shifted from
cool and dry (ca. 11,000 BP) to warmer and moister (ca. 9000 BP) and then warmer and drier
again (ca. 8000-5000 BP). The human communities that initially colonized southern New
England thus were faced with a rapidly changing landscape, one in which resources were of low
density and relative unpredictability.
Diagnostic artifacts from the Paleoindian period include finely flaked fluted lanceolate points
with three phases identified on the basis of point styles (Spiess et al.1998). Other Paleoindian
tools include scrapers, (presumably for working animal hides), gravers and bifacial blades. Lithic
materials used consisted primarily of fine quality microcrystalline rock, often from sources more
than a hundred miles away from the site of recovery. The nearest well documented Paleoindian
site is the Bull Brook site in Ipswich, Massachusetts, which covered an area of about 20 acres
(Dincauze 1996). Bull Brook is one of six large Paleoindian non-quarry sites that have been
documented in the Northeast. These sites contain the earliest point styles for their respective areas
and are believed to date from the eleventh millennium BP (Spiess et. al. 1998, Curran 1999).
A major change in artifacts from the Early Archaic period was that fluted points were no longer
used. Late Paleoindian diagnostic artifacts include Dalton-like points and unfluted Eden
lanceolate points; the latter are rare in Eastern Massachusetts, while the former may date into
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Early Archaic times (E. Johnson and Mahlstedt 1984). Early Archaic diagnostic points include
Bifurcate Base, Kirk Stemmed, and Kirk Corner Notched points.
The scarcity of intact Paleoindian and Early Archaic sites along major rivers, including the
Merrimack, may be due to some early sites' having been buried or destroyed by rising sea levels
or river alluvium (Dincauze and Meyer 1977), or by our inability to recognize the entire range of
artifact types for the period (Dincauze and Mulholland 1977). The significant use of quartz and a
lack or scarcity of diagnostic points at some sites in New England from the Early Archaic period
(Bolian 1980; Forrest 1999; Dudek 2005) support to the latter supposition. This primarily ground
stone and quartz non-bifacial toolkit has been recognized throughout northern New England for
the Early Archaic period and later through the end of the Middle Archaic period as the Gulf of
Maine Archaic Tradition (Robinson et al. 1992). Sites near or on the Merrimack River with this
Early Archaic toolkit include Weirs Beach (Bolian 1980), the Eddie site (Bunker 1992), and
Wadleigh Falls (Maymon and Bolian 1992) in New Hampshire, and Whortleberry Hill in Dracut
Massachusetts (Dudek 2005). Judging from these discoveries, Early Archaic peoples appear to
have occupied lake shores, lake outlets, and river terraces, including terraces associated with
major falls (Bunker 1994:21). Four Bifurcate Base points were recovered from the Chadwick
Farm site (19-ES-155) within the Project Area, potentially representing an Early Archaic
occupation site within the Project Area.
By the Middle Archaic, settlement patterns appear more prevalent along river drainages, and
especially along the Merrimack River. A riverine focus can be seen in other parts of New
England also, as Brian Jones notes that "subsistence activities became more intensively focused
on the valley floors of the major river drainages with the onset of the Hypsithermal after about
7,500 radiocarbon years ago" (Jones 1999:120). The Merrimack River became a focal point of
settlement, especially at falls where anadromous fish were available in the spring. This
supposition is supported by the Kenyon and McDowell study (1983) of the Merrimack drainage
system, which determined that during the Archaic and Woodland periods, sites were associated
with alluvial and terrace settings very close to the river, near falls or rapids within the river and
brooks, and on the edge of wetlands.
Manchester was an important area containing many ash-processing and habitation sites, the best-
documented being the Neville site (Dincauze 1976). That site, along the Amoskeag area of the
Merrimack River, had important Middle and Late Archaic components and diagnostic artifacts
from every period from Paleoindian to Contact or historic times (Dincauze 1976). The cultural
traditions of the Middle Archaic complexes at the Neville site revealed a close relationship to the
Atlantic Seaboard (Mid-Atlantic) and Piedmont (Southeast) regions during the Middle Archaic
period (Dincauze 1976:124). Tool complexes defined for the Middle Archaic include Neville (ca.
75500 BP), Stark (ca. 7,000 BP) and Merrimack (ca. 6,000 BP) (Dincauze 1976; Bunker
1994:22). Other large sites on the Merrimack River that have been extensively researched include
the Smyth and Eddie sites, both located near the Neville site (Foster et al. 1981), and Shattuck
Farm site in Andover, Massachusetts, in which all phases from the Middle Archaic through the
Contact Period were represented (Luedtke 1985). Stemmed Middle Archaic points were
recovered from the Chadwick Farm site (19-ES-155) at the northern limit of the Project Area, as
is evident in a photograph of the collection included with the MHC site form.
Late Archaic sites are commonly found throughout the Merrimack drainage. Three prominent
tool traditions defined the Late Archaic: the Laurentian, the Small-Stemmed, and the
Susquehanna or Broad Blade. The Laurentian Tradition derives from the west, in the Great Lakes
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and Ohio River drainages, rather than the Atlantic drainage (Dincauze 1976:125). At the Neville
site, Laurentian tradition Vosburg, Otter Creek and Brewerton Side-notched points of chert and
other exotic lithic materials are the first diagnostic artifacts present after the Merrimack Complex.
This occupation was followed by the Small-Stemmed Tradition, a local New England
development, which consists of Small-Stemmed and Small Triangle points and scrapers, all
predominantly made of quartz. A few hearths were noted, but activities appeared to be more
restricted than would be found in a base camp. Contemporaneous with, but spatially distinct from
the Small Stemmed Tradition, was an Atlantic Complex locus (Susquehanna Broad Tradition) of
bifaces and scrapers, suggesting a hunting camp with hide working (Dincauze 1976). Tools from
this tradition have been defined from sites in New England and outside New England and have
been associated with ceremonialism, including cremation burials, as seen at a site in Litchfield
along the Merrimack River (Bunker 1994:22). At the Smyth site, near the Neville site, Late
Archaic point types constituted 31 percent of the temporally diagnostic biface sample, with all
three lithic traditions recovered. Orient Fishtail points, dating from the end of the Late Archaic,
predominated to the exclusion of Small Stemmed points. The Fishtail points may continue into
the Early Woodland period at the site, which may account for the relatively small proportions of
Early Woodland materials identified at the site (Foster et al. 1981:14). Nearly all Late Archaic
point types are present in collections from Shattuck Farm, where Small Stemmed and Small
Triangles points constitute the vast majority. However, the primary area of occupation was the
alluvial terrace (Luedtke 1985:290-291). This is cited as evidence for a base camp, due to the site
location and diversity of artifact types reflecting a wider range of activities at the site. Diagnostic
point types from all three traditions have been recovered from the Walker Camp "C" site (19-ES-
551) located in the vicinity of Mitchell's Falls 3 km northeast of the Project Area. Side-notched
and corner-notched Archaic points and Small Triangle points were recovered from the Chadwick
Farm site (19-ES-155) at the northern limit of the Project Area, as is evident in a photograph of
the collection included with the MHC site form.
The earliest appearance of pottery was in the Merrimack Valley at 3,315 ±90 BP at the Eddie site
and 3,150 ± 125 BP at the Beaver Meadow Brook site (Bunker 1994:23). Regional interaction
increased through the Woodland period as evidenced through ceramic decorative techniques and
use of diverse non-local stone materials. Sites are commonly found along streams, rivers and the
coast throughout the Woodland. By the Late Woodland, large storage features are found in
prominent riverine and coastal settings, possibly related to population growth, increased
sedentism and nucleation (Bunker 1994). Point styles include Meadowood and Rossville in the
Early Woodland, Jacks Reef and Woodland Lanceolate and Stemmed points in the Middle
Woodland, and Large Triangles/Levanna in the Late Woodland, in addition to pottery. Pottery
sherds from the Walker Camp "C" site (19-ES-551) reported by Fred Luce include Early
Woodland Vinette I pottery, as well as several forms of incised design, dentates, punctate, rocker
stamping, comb stamping, fingernail impressions, cord-wrapped stick and combinations of these.
Many of these motifs were common in the Middle and Late Woodland periods (Dudek and
Mailhot 2011, Dudek 2012). While no pottery was noted from the Chadwick Farm site (19-ES-
155), Transitional Archaic/Early Woodland Fishtail points, Small Stemmed points that could date
from the Late Archaic or Woodland periods, and possible Early Woodland Meadowood points are
evident in a photograph of the collection included with the MHC site form. Five large triangular
points are also noted that could date from the Late Woodland.
The Contact period marks the initial presence in the region of European explorers, traders and
fishermen, followed in the early seventeenth century by English colonization. From the aboriginal
perspective, the period was one of intense social, economic and demographic disruption and
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eventually virtual extinction from war and disease. By the mid 1600s, contacts had extended far
into the interior, with ballast flint and copper from kettles being found on sites from this period.
The Merrimack north of the Pawtucket Falls in Lowell, "the ancient and capital seat of the
Merrimack Valley Indians" (Coburn 1922:30) in present-day Lowell, Massachusetts, formed an
effective barrier to Colonial settlement into the eighteenth century. Areas north of Pawtucket
Falls on the Merrimack River, such as at the Smyth site on Amoskeag Falls, were probably a
focal point for native activities and contain an unusually large numbers of seventeenth-century
native sites for this reason (Bunker 1994:23). The recovery of sheet copper and glass trade beads
indicates that Walker Camp "C" site (I 9-ES-551) has a Contact period component that probably
dates to the seventeenth century based on collections research(Mahlstedt 1986).
3.2.1 KNO WN PRECONTA CT SITES IN THE PROJECT VICINITY
A review of the site files at the MHC indicates that 29 precontact archaeological sites have been
reported within 3-4 km of the Project Area. Table 2 lists this information with those sites within
the Project Area in Bold and extending out to 3 to 4 km in all directions.
Table 2.Recorded precontact archaeological sites within 3-4 km of the Project Area.
Site Town Location Precontact Site Data
Period
19-ES-35 Haverhill North bank of Late Archaic, Ceramic sherds,2 Small-
Bradley
Merrimack, south of Woodland Stemmed points and an Brook"W" route 110/113 Atlantic-like point.
site
19-ES-38 Haverhill South bank of the Woodland Small site that had lithic
Merrimack River, debitage and pottery sherds.
near rail road tracks
off of Riverdale Road
19-ES-39 Haverhill South bank of the Unknown No site information given.
Merrimack River,off
of Riverdale Road
19-ES-40 Haverhill North side of Ward Unknown No site information given.
Ward Hill Hill,near south bank
of the Merrimack
River
19-ES-46 Haverhill East bank of the Unknown 1 quartz flake, 1 black slate
Merrimack River,off flake,and 2 fragments of
Neck Road fire-cracked rock recovered.
19-ES-48 Haverhill North bank of the Unknown Described as a village site.
Village V Merrimack River, Shown on Moorehead's
west of Moody survey of the Merrimack.
School
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Site Town Location Precontact Site Data
Period
19-ES-49 Haverhill North bank of the Middle-Late A variety of point types
Merrimack, 60 m east Archaic,Early recovered, along with
Bradley of Bradley Brook and Late pottery,tools and debitage.
Brook"H" Woodland,
site Contact
19-ES-50 Haverhill North bank of the Middle-Late 1 Stark point,2 Small
Bradley Merrimack, 140 m Archaic, Stemmed points, 1 untyped.
Brook"B" east of Bradley possibly Early
site Brook Woodland
19-ES-51 Haverhill West bank of Unknown Described as a village site,no
Village 1 Merrimack at further information.
Kimball Island
19-ES-52 Haverhill South bank of Late Archaic, More than 751 lithic artifacts,
Merrimack,Ward Early to Late more than 700 sherds of
Hill Point Woodland Early,Middle,and Late
Woodland ceramics.
19-ES-154 Haverhill East side of the Unknown No information available for
Grey Cole Merrimack River,at this site.
Nursery the end of S.Pearson
Street
19-ES-155 North East bank of Early Archaic 4 Bifurcate Base points,
Chadwick Andover Merrimack River, to Late large collection of chipped
Farm site (North Side of Woodland stone and ground stone
Pro'ect Area) artifacts;low narrow ridge.
19-ES-156 North East of Merrimack Unknown Different location from 19-
Chadwick's Andover River along Osgood ES-155 and 0.5 km south
Farm Street(Project from it along the west side
Area) of Osgood Street-"few
artifacts found".Area is
now mostly built over.
19-ES-160 North West side Rays Pond, Unknown Precontact Campsite,no
Rays Pond Andover north side Lake specific data.
Cochichewick
Northeast shore of Late Archaic 10 artifacts: 5 points-2
19-ES-161 North Lake Cochichewick Small Stemmed, 1 Small
Leland Andover Triangle, 1 untyped;2 edge
tools,3 chipping waste,and 1
gouge.
19-ES-162 North Shore of Lake Unknown Precontact Campsite,no
Campsite 1 Andover Cochichewick specific data.
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Site Town Location Precontact Site Data
Period
South side of Unknown 2 artifacts—gouge and
19-ES- Methuen Meadow Brook mortar,but purported
Miller Farm collection of over 100 items
said to be from here.
19-ES-179
Old Lippord Methuen Prospect Hill area Unknown A site reported to have had
Prop many artifacts.
Middle and Large area of several farms
19-ES-356 Late Archaic, with many artifacts,but only
Chadwick Haverhill West side of Transitional were able to be reviewed: 1
Pond Chadwick Pond Archaic Stark,2 Small Stemmed, 1
Fishtail, 1 ulu/atlatl weight, 1
core.
19-ES-426 Haverhill Maiden Hill by Unknown "Aboriginal Village",no
Maiden Hill stream further information.
19-ES-551 Haverhill South bank of the Middle Archaic Large habitation site,with a
Walker Merrimack to Contact variety of point types,pottery
Cam "C" Period sherds,chipped and
p groundstone tools and
copper.
19-ES-609 Haverhill At the bank of the Late Archaic, Pottery,debitage pit feature
Old Ferry Merrimack river,end Woodland, and historic ceramics
Road site of Old Ferry Road historic period recovered during powerline
survey.
19-ES-736 Methuen North of Hawkes Late Archaic to 1 Small-Stemmed point, 1
Brook and east of Early Orient Fishtail,one untyped
Massachusetts Woodland lithic artifact,and debitage.
Electric Company
19-ES-771
Tech.Park North Wetlands of Lake Unknown Lithic scatter of gray felsite
Lithic Andover Cochichewick and quartz debitage.
Scatter
19-ES-786 Haverhill South bank of the Unknown Lithic debitage,FCR and
Merrimack River, charcoal recovered.
Site 2B west of route 495
19-ES-7881 Haverhill North bank of the Unknown Small flake scatter,including
Test Merrimack River, felsites and quartz.
Location 2 west of 495
flake scatter
19-ES-817 Methuen Above west bank of Unknown 5 chipping debris(4 quartz, 1
Simone Site Merrimack,north of of Lynn volcanics).
Lone Tree Hill
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Site Town Location Precontact Site Data
Period
19-ES-821 Haverhill East side of the Unknown Native American pottery and
Merrimack, south of lithic debitage,historic
Ward Hill 2 Old Ferry Road period cut nail.
site
19-ES-858 Unknown Bear effigy adze found on the
James North Lawrence Municipal farm of James C. Poor
Clinton Poor Andover Airport situated between Lake
Bear Effigy Cochichewick and the
Adze Merrimack River.
Of the 29 recorded precontact Native American archaeological sites within 3 km of the Project
Area, ten sites have a temporal attribution based on diagnostic artifacts. Nine of these sites are
multi-component with artifacts dating as early as the Early Archaic and as late as the Late
Woodland and Contact Period. The remainder of the sites lack temporal designations.
The distribution of temporal attributions covers all time periods as follows:
Paleoindian- 0 sites
Early Archaic - 1 site
Middle Archaic- 5 sites
Late Archaic- 9 sites (includes Transitional Archaic)
Woodland(general attribution)—3 sites
Early Woodland- 6 sites
Middle Woodland- 3 sites
Late Woodland—4 sites
Contact—2 sites
Precontact sites cluster all along the banks of the Merrimack River and on hills adjacent to the
river, as well as the shores of Lake Cochichewick and Chadwick Pond. Precontact sites also occur
in interior areas along brooks and near wetlands.
The Chadwick Farm Site (19-ES-155)—North of/Adjacent to the Project Area
The north end of the Project Area is adjacent to a stream; to the north of the stream is the
Chadwick Farm site (19-ES-155). A large collection of artifacts was collected by George G.
Chadwick from about 1900 to 1915 while working in his gardens as described on the MHC site
form. The original site was described by Frederick Luce in the early 1900s as occupying nearly
two acres of a low and narrow ridge that extends nearly east and west to the Merrimack River, an
area "High, Dry and Cool". The small stream and gently sloping banks allowed access to the site
in an area otherwise with steep banks along the Merrimack River. Proj ectile points, "ceremonial
implements", and a few gouges had been recovered, but no pottery — this latter possibly due to
collector bias but possibly due to the site occupation dating primarily from the Archaic Period.
The following point types were noted by quantity: Leaf Type (lanceolate, pointed both ends) —
12; Stemless Type (uncertain if points or other type of tool such as scrapers)— 10; Stemmed Type
—44 (includes Nevilles and Starks, Small Stemmed, and other stemmed point types visible in the
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photograph of the collection); Notched Type — 32 (includes Brewertons, possibly Normanskills,
Meadowoods, and other notched points in the photograph); Bifurcate Base points (Early Archaic)
—4; "very small" points — 52; Triangular Form Large points— 5 (may be Levanna points); Small
Triangular Form" points — 93 (Squibnocket but possibly other triangular point forms); point
fragments — 12; drilled stone bead — 1; gouges — 6; large celt — 1; large adze — 1; hoe or
tool/implement — 1; and drilled bannerstone -1. Based on the artifact descriptions and
photographs, the site appears to have been occupied by the Early Archaic, most heavily in the
Middle and Late to Transitional Archaic Periods, with possible use during the Early Woodland to
Late Woodland periods.
The Chadwick's Farm (19-ES-156)—the Project Area
Little is recorded for site 19-ES-156, Chadwick's Farm, located 0.5 km south of site 19-ES-155
along the west side of Osgood Street within the Project Area. The site form notes "few artifacts
found". This area is now where the buildings and parking lots of 1600 Osgood Street are. While
most of the area has been graded and leveled and developed, the integrity of open space grassy
areas is unclear. Peripheral areas near wooded natural terrain and open fields or wooded areas
with natural terrain are considered likely to retain stratigraphic integrity and archaeological
sensitivity.
The Project Area includes ideal settings: close proximity to the Merrimack River and brooks,
with good drainage and low slope. River and brook locations may be associated with anadromous
runs of shad and alewife. The Project Area could contain archaeological deposits associated with
Native American activities, including fishing, hunting, foraging, and tool maintenance. The area
may also have been utilized for campsites of various durations and sizes. Features that could be
present within campsites could include hearths, post molds, pit features and rock platforms.
Features present at the Shattuck Farm site near the Merrimack River in Andover (Luedtke 1985)
and at Bullen's sites at Foster's Pond in Andover included several small refuse pits and rock
platforms. Bullen's work at Foster's Pond included "storage pits" and rock platforms at the
Hoffman site (Bullen 1949:21). Similar sites could exist in the Project Area.
3.2.2 POTENTIAL FOR PRECONTACT SITES
Precontact archaeological sites have been identified in a variety of settings, but are found most
often in particular environmental contexts (Funk 1972; Root 1978; Thorbahn et al. 1980;
McManamon 1984; Mulholland 1984; Thorbahn 1984;Nicholas 1990). In southern New England
archaeology,precontact site location is typically linked to three variables: terrain, soils, and water
-- in the formula "flat to low slope, well-drained sandy soil, near water." These variables, in turn,
combine with other factors, which include the collection of special resources (e.g., lithic material
for tools; clay; seasonal nuts, fruits, seeds, small fishes, and game,), the pursuit of special tasks,
often seasonally determined (e.g., exploitation of fish runs), and the use of transportation routes
(provided by bays and rivers). The combination of all these factors provides a framework within
which the precontact settlement of the Project Area, and indeed of most of southern New England
generally, can be analyzed, and by which archaeological site location can be predicted through
archaeological models (CasJens 1979, Dincauze 1974, Hoffman 1985, Kenyon and McDowell
1983, D. Ritchie 1983). A study of site locations and catchments conducted for the Concord River
watershed(Casjens 1979) found that sites were located on floodplains, flat uplands, knolls, ridges
and an island; gentle terrain with arable soil and variety in the form of wetlands in the
surrounding catchments also seem to factor in site locations.
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The project vicinity contains archaeological sites associated with Native American activities
including multicomponent habitation sites. Activities included tool production and maintenance
and probable hunting and foraging, food processing and possibly fishing activities. The Project
Area has not been investigated archaeologically.
Based on the above information, precontact archaeological sensitivity for the Project
Area is assessed as follows:
Archaeologically Sensitive: Areas within 200 m of fresh water, salt water or
wetlands; on low to moderate slopes (0 - 15 percent); on moderately well drained
to excessively drained soils; and/or within 200 m of a reported archaeological site
or natural resource area (i.e. steatite or quartz vein outcrops or rockshelters), and
with no apparent/moderate disturbance.
Low potential: Areas greater than 200 m of fresh water or wetlands, on moderate to
steep slopes (15 — 25+ percent); on poorly drained soils, more than 200 m of a
reported archaeological site or natural resource; and/or with extensive disturbance.
The Project Area has a high sensitivity for containing precontact archaeological resources
because it is located on a low to moderate slope with variable to low disturbance (historic
agricultural use where not heavily disturbed). In addition, this area is located within 100-200 m of
the Merrimack River and/or brooks or associated wetlands, and in immediate or near proximity to
a multicomponent precontact Native American archaeological site. Potential sites may include
campsites for short or long durations, tool manufacture or maintenance areas, or for hunting,
fishing and foraging activity areas used by Native Americans.
3.3 HISTORIC CONTEXT
Located in northwest Essex County, North Andover is bounded by the Merrimack River,
Haverhill and Boxford on the north; Boxford and Middleton on the east; Middleton and North
Reading on the south; and Andover and Lawrence on the west. Originally, the area was known as
the Plantation at Merrimack, also the Village of Cochichawick, and established ca. 1642. The
town was purchased from Native Americans and incorporated as Andiver, later Andover, in 1646.
North Andover together with present day Andover comprised Old Andover, which was originally
bounded by the Merrimack River and the towns of Rowley, Salem,Woburn and Cambridge.
Permanent settlement occurred during the Plantation Period (1625-1675) shortly after 1640. The
original Andover, now North Andover, village center was located in the northeastern section of
the plantation near the Great Pond where the inhabitants were granted house lots and farmland of
varying sizes in the open fields around the village center. Native trails were developed as horse
paths and cartways to areas that were farmed and regional transportation routes were laid out
from Andover to Reading and Andover to Haverhill establishing a travel corridor between Maine
and Boston through the North Andover/Andover area. Most of North Andover's population was
concentrated in and around the village throughout this period with people moving to the
countryside after 1660. Agricultural pursuits underlay the economy with Indian corn, wheat,
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barley and rye the most important crops followed by the production of vegetable fibers from
hemp and flax; while cattle, horses, sheep and swine were the most important animals on local
farms. Small-scale industrial activities developed along Cochichawick Brook with the
construction of the Bradstreet sawmill ca. 1644, the Parker gristmill ca. 1661, and the Johnson
sawmill ca.1667. By the end of the period the population, estimated at 105 ca. 1646, rose to 300
(Massachusetts Historical Commission 1985).
By 1692 the town's population reached 420. During the Colonial Period (1675-1775) the North
Andover settlement changed rapidly as many in the nucleated village moved to its farmlands in
what is today North Andover and Andover. As a result the town was divided into the North and
South parishes by the General Court in 1708. The Andover to Haverhill Road,which continued as
a major thoroughfare through North Andover, was expanded locally connecting to Salem Street
on the road from the North Meetinghouse to Salem, Newbury Road (Great Pond Road) and
Ipswich Road (Dale Street). From 1700 to 1775 North Andover's population underwent a period
of constant, though irregular population growth. Agriculture still provided the foundation for the
town's economy(Massachusetts Historical Commission 1985).
During the Federal Period (1775-1830) the town's road network expanded to the west of Lake
Cochichawick(aka the Great Pond). The Essex Turnpike that connected the town to Boston,New
Hampshire and Vermont opened in 1806 and became a free road by 1829. The industrial
economy included not only saw and grist mills, but also the manufacture of woolen textiles.
Between 1802 and 1828 an increase in industrial activity initiated three new settlement clusters
along Cochichawick Brook around Stevens Mill,the North Andover Mills and Sutton's Mills with
even more people relocating to these areas from the village center. While North Andover's
economy focused on agriculture during the last quarter of the eighteenth century, manufacturing
activities initiated at the beginning of the nineteenth century transformed the economy to one
dependent on manufacturing(Massachusetts Historical Commission 1985).
The Early Industrial Period (1830-1870) witnessed the arrival of the railroad. By 1848 the Essex
Railroad began to run between Salem and Lawrence. While the North Andover Depot was the
main station along this route, a second depot was located in the southern portion of town.
Between 1845 and 1848 the Boston and Maine Railroad constructed five miles of track between
Andover and North Andover. The route of this line was changed in 1848 so that it ran around
South Lawrence. By ca. 1867/68 the Lowell and Lawrence Railroad was also extended to North
Andover. Industrial activity, manufacturing interests and a new business that fabricated mill
machinery stimulated both the economy and population growth. Settlement around Cochichewick
Brook expanded to a contiguous factory village, civic and commercial center. From 1855, when
North Andover was incorporated as a town, to 1870 North Andover's population grew from 2,218
to 2,549. The percentage of foreign-born residents was high with the largest group being the Irish,
followed by the English and then the Scots. North Andover became a prominent mill town. Much
of the impetus for this growth was provided by the Boston and Maine and Eastern Branch
railroads that built lines very close to the mills facilitating the cheap transportation of both raw
and finished goods. In 1865 there were 142 farms in the town that produced hay, grains,
vegetables, and fruits and practiced animal husbandry (Massachusetts Historical Commission
1985).
During the Late Industrial Period (1870-1915) the boundaries of the town changed. A portion of
North Andover was annexed to Lawrence in 1879 and boundaries between North Andover,
Boxford, North Reading, and Middleton were established in 1904. With commercial interests
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elsewhere, the old Village Center remained rural in character as the location of the parish center
with well-established residences of the early, prosperous families. Manufacturing maintained its
hold on the economy. Between 1875 and 1915 the number of men employed in manufacturing
increased from 511 to 1,141 while agricultural employment fell (Massachusetts Historical
Commission 1985).
Increased automobile travel during the Early Modern Period (1915-1940) brought about varying
degrees of improvement to North Andover's roads. By 1939 most major roads in the town
including the northern portion of Massachusetts Avenue, Osgood and Sutton streets were paved,
while secondary roads remained gravel-covered. Expansion of the physical plants of Sutton Mills
and Davis & Furber Machine Company occurred in the early part of this period. Industrial
development in the mid-twentieth century centered on the construction of the Western Electric
Company complex, manufacturers of telephone and telegraph equipment, in an outlying section
of town on Osgood Street. During this same time period some textile factories closed due to a
decline in that industry. While employment in some manufacturing concerns expanded during
this period, agricultural employment was quite low (Massachusetts Historical Commission 1985).
In 1996 Lucent Technologies bought the Western Electric Company complex and in 2003 the
complex changed hands again and was named Osgood Landing (Lever 2020).
The Project Area is located in an area of the town that witnessed settlement in the seventeenth
century. Osgood Street, initially known as the Road to Haverhill, was constructed as a county
road ca. 1642 connecting the Village Center to Haverhill in the north, then in the early eighteenth
century it was expanded to create a larger local road network. As the 1795 plan series was only
mandated by the legislature to note county roads among other features of a town, The Road to
Haverhill is depicted heading southerly then southeasterly from Haverhill across what was still
the town of Andover (Figure 6). During this time period it is unclear if there were residences
located along The Road to Haverhill as those features were not mandated for this plan series.
By 1830 another plan series, also mandated by the legislature, added town roads as well as other
features to those mandated in the 1795 plan series. Some plans of this series, including the one of
Andover, also note the location of residences (Figure 7). By this time period there are two
residences, both labeled J. Bradley, on the east side of Osgood Road by the northeast boundary of
the Project Area that are likely associated with farmsteads. As the 1830 plan series noted property
ownership either one, both or neither of the structures may have been rented from rather lived in
by J. Bradley. Also to the south, located at the northern end of what was known as Clark Street,
are residences associated with S. Osgood and J. Austin. These are also likely farmsteads. Further
south is the village area associated with Sutton's Mill. By mid century the only changes are the
addition of the Boston & Maine Railroad tracks to the west of the Project Area's western
boundary (Figure 8) and by the last quarter of the century the conditions remain the same, though
different names are associated with the residences. Another name (R. K Gage) that appears south
of the two residences on the northeastern side of Osgood Street appears to be located along the
road to the east that runs along the Andover and Bradford border(Figure 9). According to historic
topo maps (1888, 1890 and 1893) there was little activity by the Project Area through the end of
the nineteenth century (Figure 10). It is unclear if the houses closest to the Project Area were
gone or if outlying residences were not shown during the late nineteenth century.
By the beginning of the twentieth century two historical topos (1915 and 1918) depict areas that
were not cleared of trees as well as residences in outlying areas (Figure 11). While the houses on
Osgood Street along the northeastern boundary of the Project Area are gone, only one along the
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northern end of Clark Street remains (compare Figure 11 to Figure 7). The first aerial of the
Project Area taken in 1938 depicts the northern section of the Project Area cleared with a
driveway entering from Osgood Street along the southern end of the cleared area with a structure
by Osgood Street. There are also three cleared sections in the southern portion of the Project Area
(Figure 12).
By the beginning of the twentieth century two historical topos (1915 and 1918) depict areas that
were not cleared of trees as well as residences in outlying areas (Figure 1 l). While the houses on
Osgood Street along the northeastern boundary of the Project Area are gone, only one along the
northern end of Clark Street remains (compare Figure 11 to Figure 7). The first aerial of the
Project Area taken in 1938 depicts the northern section of the Project Area cleared with a
driveway entering from Osgood Street along the southern end of the cleared area with a structure
by Osgood Street. There are also three cleared sections in the southern portion of the Project Area
(Figure 12). Historical Topo Maps from 1966, 1968 (Figure 13) not only depict the construction
of the Western Electric Company complex along with its athletic field, but also Lawrence
Municipal Airport to the south that has impacted/destroyed a section of Clark Street necessitating
the construction of Holt Road so that residents along the northern end of Clark Street can access
Osgood Street. The aerial from 1965 also shows the parking lots associated the main building and
the athletic field as well as a cleared area to the west of the main building (Figure 14). More
recent twentieth century aerials (1978, 1986, 1995, 2008, and 2012)appear quite similar to that of
2016 showing additional construction along the former cleared area to the west of the main
building(Figure 15).
3.3.1 KNOWNHISTORIC SITES
There is one historic site listed in the site files of the MHC that is located within 3 km of the
Project Area. The Cato Freeman Homestead (NAD.HA.01) is located at the entrance road
(formerly Clark Street) to the Lawrence Memorial Airport. The site was located by a cultural
resource management (CRM) survey in 1982 (Mrozowski and White 1982) and is dated from the
late eighteenth to mid nineteenth century. Cato Freeman was a freed slave who lived in North
Andover. Subsequent Phase II investigations at the Cato Freeman Site recovered little direct
archaeological evidence during testing as no architectural features were identified and the
recovered assemblage of artifacts dating to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was
confined to sheet midden/plowzone deposits(Rotenstein et al. 2000).
An additional four historic sites were revealed during the documentary map research conducted
for the intensive survey permit application research that are not in the sites files of the MHC. Two
of the sites appear on the east side of Osgood Road along the Project Area's northeastern
boundary with the road. The two sites are likely homesteads/farmhouses and appear on the 1830,
1852 and 1872 maps of the town. They appear to be gone by the late nineteenth/early twentieth
century. The other two sites are located a little over 400 m from the southern boundary of the
Project Area. These sites are also likely homesteads/farmhouses. Both appear on nineteenth
century maps (1830, 1852, and 1872); while one appears to be gone by the late nineteenth/early
twentieth century,the other appears to be gone in the latter part of the twentieth century.
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3.3.2 POTENTIAL FOR HISTORIC SITES
A predictive model for historic potential is developed through the synthesis of historic data such
as early maps, town histories, deed research, other historic sources, and environmental
characteristics. Historic geographers and historic archaeologists have developed general models
of settlement patterns in New England. These models are useful in estimating the distribution of
historic archaeological sites during different periods (Waldbauer 1986; J. Wood 1978). In
addition, economic geographers have formulated models of historic settlement systems that rely
on proximity to natural resources such as bodies of water, arable soils, granite outcrops, and
gravel or clay beds (Haggett et al. 1977). These variables can affect transportation,
communication, and trade networks. Proximity to settlement concentrations, freshwater springs or
streams, or water-power sources is a positive element of historic archaeological potential.
Environmental data can contribute to an understanding of locational patterns of property types
such as farmsteads, cranberry bogs, gravel or sand quarries, mills, and maritime industries.
Historic potential is stratified as follows:
Archaeologically Sensitive: Areas within 100 m. of a historic road, known historic
site or stone walls; on low to moderate slopes (0 - 15 percent); within 200 m of
fresh water and/or a water-power source; within 1,000 m. of a settlement
concentration; and with no apparent/moderate disturbance.
Low potential: Areas greater than 100 m of historic roads and stone walls; on
moderate to steep slopes (15 —25+percent); no fresh water and/or power source in
the vicinity; a settlement concentration > 1,000 m. away; and/or an area with
extensive disturbance.
The Project Area is located in an area of North Andover that was settled in the mid seventeenth
century. As noted above, Osgood Street, formerly The Road to Haverhill, was originally laid out
as a county/regional road ca. the 1640s and was then expanded upon at the local level by 1708.
As people moved from the village center to the countryside ca. 1660, it is likely that some would
move to a convenient location near a county road. A review of historic plans and maps revealed
that two residences owned by J. Bradley were located on the eastern side of Osgood Street along
its northeastern boundary with the Project Area in 1830. During the same time period two
residences were located approximately 400 m away and one MHC inventoried site is located
approximately 1.6 km from the southern border of the Project Area (Figure 7). While it remains
unknown when these residences were constructed,the two along the northeastern boundary of the
Project Area were gone by the late nineteenth/early twentieth century and those along Clark
Street were gone by the late nineteenth/twentieth century
The Project Area may have been used as farmland as early as the mid seventeenth century with
unrecorded structures located along The Road to Haverhill — present-day Osgood Street. Buried
foundations, cellar holes, trash middens, trash scatters, and the remains of ephemeral rural
activities may be present dating from the mid seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. It is also
likely that The Road to Haverhill has been widened or otherwise realigned since the seventeenth
century and evidence of those changes may be visible below-ground. Archaeological features and
artifacts are more likely to be located in undisturbed areas of the northern and southern portions
of the Project Area.
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4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY
4.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PROJECT AREA
To aid in developing a level of effort for the archaeological intensive (locational) survey, a
cultural resources field sensitivity assessment of the Project Area was conducted by Principal
Archaeologist Martin Dudek to identify archaeologically sensitive areas. The Project Area was
assessed for archaeologically sensitivity areas based on close proximity to fresh water, relatively
level terrain (<15% slopes) and well-drained soils. Generally, close proximity to water refers to
distances within 100-200 m of water resources, including rivers, streams, ponds or wetlands.
Poorly drained areas, wetlands, and filled or significantly disturbed areas generally are not
considered to be sensitive for archaeological sites. Potential sources of Project disturbance to
archaeologically sensitive areas include new construction, vegetative clearing, grading, and
staging or vehicular movement within the Limit of Disturbance (LOD).
The proposed Project includes redevelopment of a portion of 1600 Osgood Street in North
Andover, Massachusetts with a new e-commerce storage, warehouse and distribution facility with
accessory office and other uses, consisting of an approximately 817,212 s.f. five-story building
including approximately 3.8 million square feet of gross floor area, with upgrades to parking,
access, utilities, stormwater management, lighting, landscaping and other associated
improvements. The existing three-story front office portion of the principal building (referred to
as Buildings 20 and 21 on Figures 3 and 4) will be preserved with the proposed five-story
building constructed to the rear (west). Parking Approximately 11.25 acres of pavement will be
removed from the site and restored with a native meadow seed mix. On average, the site will be
raised between 5 and 10-feet. Retaining walls of varying heights are proposed along the western
and southern areas of the site. The walls will likely be comprised of versa-lock or block
construction. The retaining walls along the west end of the site range in height between 10-feet
and 18-feet,primarily to minimize the amount of fill placed.
A portion of the existing roof-mounted solar energy facilities, as well as all existing ground-
mounted solar energy facilities located on the paved areas at the north and west ends of the
project site, will be relocated to the northern portion of the property on land that is currently
occupied by baseball fields and paved areas (referred to as Lot C on Figure 5). The existing
relocated solar modules to be installed on the baseball field area, mounted on racks with the
bottom edge of the panels set roughly 3 6-inches above grade, depending on final angle and
alignment. A roughly 10 to 12-foot wide path will be provided between the rows of new panels
installed on the baseball field area; the panels to be installed on the paved areas will be placed
closer together similar to existing conditions. The existing, relocated panels sit closer to the
ground on sleds. Space for transformers, electrical interconnections and inverters has been
accounted for in the proposed layout. An approximately 25-foot wide gravel access drive will be
installed around the perimeter of the solar arrays installed on the baseball field to provide access
during construction and long-term maintenance. A turnaround area for trucks will be provided at
the end of the access drive. Similarly, an approximately 18-foot wide gravel access drive will be
delineated within the existing paved areas around the perimeter of the panels installed on existing
paved areas,with a turnaround area at the end of the drive.
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Archaeological Sensitivity Assessment
A cultural resources field walkover was conducted by Principal Archaeologist Martin Dudek on
February 12, 2020 to identify archaeologically sensitive areas. At the time of the assessment no
snow cover was present except for diminished snow berms in the parking lots where it had been
piled. Soil conditions were also thawed, allowing for soil cores to check for presence of natural
soil horizons or disturbed conditions. Photographic plates from the walkover are keyed to Figure
16. Soils were assessed through a combination of visual inspection of the ground surface and the
use of athree-quarter-inch open-face steel corer to identify natural soil horizons, evidence of
disturbance, and soil characteristics, with depths recorded in centimeters. Data on soil types in the
Project Area were obtained through a review of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Web Soil
Survey(WSS) (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/gpp/WebSoilSurvey.aspx).
The field sensitivity assessment started at the south entrance of the 1600 Osgood Street industrial
complex and proceeds westward and then northward(Figure 16). Starting at the south entrance, it
is apparent that the buildings and parking lots are situated within leveled, flat terrain(Plates 1 and
2). Review of historic aerials, USGS maps, and field observations of the wooded land south and
west of the developed land indicate that the central and southern portion of the Project Area
consisted of rolling terraces with aravine-like stream running through the midsection of the
property (Figures 10 to 15). The tree line to the south is located at a topographically sharp and
excavated slope that runs steeply down to flat grassy yard areas and parking lots (Plate 3).
Disturbance with fill over rocky substratum was confirmed with soil coring. It is unlikely that the
flat grassy yard areas in the southern portion of the roadways and parking areas retains any intact
A horizon topsoil or B horizon subsoil.
The two wooded hills to the south of the cut appear to be entirely intact at the top of the cutaway
slopes (Plate 4), with intact Ao, Al, B1, B2 and C silty sand soil horizons present from 0 to 80
cm below surface (curbs) in soil cores, while 1-m down the cut slope the Ao root mat lies directly
on a truncated B2 horizon. The natural wooded terrain is considered to be archaeologically
sensitive except where steep natural slopes drop down to a brook situated in a ravine-like valley
that separates the two hills — the easternmost hill by Osgood Street and the westernmost hill
bordering the LOD. Where the stream meets the developed yard and parking lot it is channeled
underground under the parking lots (Plate 5).
Proceeding westward along the proposed southern LOD for the Project, the slopes are more
gradual but still reflect excavation and grading down to the level parking lots (Plate 6). Within the
LOD the area is not considered to be archaeologically sensitive due to previous excavation and
truncation of the natural soil horizons. Part of the area includes an artificial rise that was built to
house a large buried tank and related infrastructure (Plate 7). To the north of the tank, broad
asphalt-paved parking lots stretch from the buildings northward and westward, with a drainage
ditch separating the lots (Plate 8). At the southwest end of the Project Area an asphalt-paved
parking lot is fringed by wetlands, beyond which is the property fence (Plate 9). A large
municipal landfill hill is located beyond the property fence to the southwest.
The western end of the Project Area includes parking lots (Plate 8), a small sloping field along the
fence line (Plate 10), and a broad low level field north of the western parking lot (Plate 11). Soil
cores taken in the sloping field encountered deep brownish yellow hard pan silt C horizon. The
top 30 cm consisted of disturbed C horizon or grading fill. Below this the silt was natural, very
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4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY
hard packed and sterile, with the soil core pounded to a depth of 60 cmbs. Whether this silt is
alluvium, glacial lake deposit, or loess is not clear, but no paleosol was identified to a depth of 60
cmbs. To the west, the fence line is fringed with trees and the ground slopes upward 80 cm or
more to the fence. Soil cores taken near the fence included intact plowzone (Apz), B 1, B2 and C
soil horizons to the maximum coring depth of 85-87 cmbs. This narrow area is considered
archaeologically sensitive. West of the fence the area is wooded and includes sharp and irregular
natural topography with a stream flowing through a ravine and rolling undulations. Based on the
soil cores and observations on topography, it appears that the wooded fence line is intact while
the sloping field to the east has been excavated into the C horizon. The historic aerial from 1965
indicated that this western area was in the process of undergoing significant ground disturbance
with spoil piles, while the area of the sloping field was still wooded(Figure 14).
North of the western parking lot there is a broad low wetland field which will be kept as open
space (Plate 11). Soil cores indicate hydric soils with a wetland A horizon over a clayey gley C
horizon. The field is not considered to be archaeologically sensitive. At the north end of the field
approaching the property fence and an active railroad right-of-way (ROW) and powerline, the
ground rises steeply about 15 ft or more to the fence line. Part of the rise is narrow and supported
by concrete slabs (Plate 12). A paved roadway runs along the base of the sharp bank. The rise
widens out to a knoll like area to the east, suggestive of natural topography. Soil cores on the
ridge and knoll top encountered deep hard packed fill of dark grayish brown mixed fill, to the
depth of soil cores pounded to 78 cmbs. No natural soil was encountered, and the purpose of this
area being filled is unclear unless it was designed to add support to the land bordering the railroad
ROW. There may be bedrock or a natural rise below the accretion of added fill. It does not appear
to be an area of archaeological sensitivity but may warrant further investigation to aid in this
determination.
The northwest limit of the project area consists of paved roadway and a broad parking lot, except
for a small graded yard area housing a small substation. The roadway passes the north side of the
building complex and exits at Osgood Street, with a leveled grassy yard beside parking lots to the
south of the roadway and a large field comprised of four baseball fields/diamonds to the north of
the roadway(Plates 13 and 14). The LOD encompasses the baseball fields which form a low level
area. Review of historic USGS maps (1944, 1952; Lever 2002) and aerial photographs reveal that
this area consisted of a broad terrace with a swale or drainage cut opening to the west located
through the middle of what would become the baseball fields. Soil cores in the south and central
part of the playing fields encountered deep fill of redeposited A or wetland A soils mixed with
some B and C horizon soils, to a maximum coring depth of 87 cmbs. The southern area had
hydric conditions. Based on the USGS maps, deeper fill would be expected in the western half of
the field. The north end of the field however, had two plowzone layers (the top Apz possibly fill)
over natural B 1, B2 and C silty sand to sandy loam soil, which demonstrates that a portion of the
playing fields still retains integrity and can be considered archaeologically sensitive.
North and west of the playing fields is a large parking lot that extends west to the property line
near the elevated railroad (Plates 15 and 16). The LOD ends at the north end of the parking lot.
Coring in the low grassy field adjacent and north of the parking lot encountered an upper fill of
dark loam over a fill of clayey gley C horizon soil, to rock refusal at 45 cmbs. The field may
consist of a filled wetland or re-contoured excavation area.
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North of the baseball fields and east of the parking lot there is a raised finger-like ridge or grassy
field oriented south to north-northeast and overlooking a brook to the north at one end and the
baseball fields at the south end(Plates 17 and 18). The field has a wooded fringe at the north edge
where it drops down to the brook to the north; to the east the ridge drops down to wetlands; to the
west it slopes moderately steep some 10 ft down to the parking lot, with a drainage ditch at the
base of the slope. Across the brook to the north is where the Chadwick Farm site (19-ES-155) is
located, where approximately 250 projectile points and other artifacts were recovered by a farmer
in the early 1900s. The raised ridge-like field within the proposed LOD is grassy and flat on top
(Plate 19). Soil cores encountered a deep plowzone, and B 1, B2 and C horizons of silty fine sand
grading to silt to the maximum coring depth of 87 cmbs. Other than plowing and possible surface
disturbance, the soil horizons were intact. There are localized impacts to the landform, however.
A paved asphalt circle is present on top with a light pole (Plate 20), as well as a graveled rise at
the south end where a graveled access road is located. The west side of the ridge was also once
used as a fitness/exercise trail, now with overgrown signage. Soil cores near the paved circle
encountered a deep plowzone over B 1/132, and B2 horizons of silty fine sand and a deep clayey C
horizon. Review of the historic aerial from 1938 indicates that there were four rows of trees on
top the ridge in 1938, most likely an orchard (Figure 12). The ridge is considered to be
archaeologically sensitive, likely to contain intact precontact cultural deposits.
4.2 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY FIELD TESTING
The intensive survey testing was conducted under conducted under Permit No. 3995 issued on
March 5, 2020. Field archaeologists consisted of Alan F. Smith, Christian Heath and Darrell
Pinckney under the field supervision of Principal Investigator Martin Dudek and Project
Archaeologist David Gutbrod. Field work was conducted in late March, 2020. Systematic testing
was conducted with judgmentally-oriented transects with square 50-x-50 cm shovel test pits
(STPs) at 10-m intervals focused around the undisturbed portions of the project area as proposed
in the research design. Testing areas were pre-marked by the Principal Investigator with white
flags and white flagging tape and Digsafe notified on March 16, a week prior to commencing
field work; field work was completed within the 30-day period from the date of Digsafe
notification, as directed by law. Due to Covid 19 health dangers, physical distance was
maintained between archaeologists, with each person driving separate and working separately at
10-m distances, with each person having been issued their own set of equipment, paperwork, and
resealable artifact bags. When conferring on stratigraphy and results, appropriate distances (6 ft
or more) were kept between people. No problems were encountered and the measures presented
no difficulty.
Northern Test Area
The northern test area includes an open raised grassy ridge, baseball fields, and a front yard area
east-northeast of the 1600 Osgood Street building complex. Five transects with a total of 60 STPs
were planned and seven transects of 61 STPs were excavated (Figure 17). Due to deep fill over
truncated substratum in the baseball fields, test transects across the field were modified to coring
tests over a portion of Transects 3 to 5 and Transects lA and 3A were added to test areas with
better stratigraphy.
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
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Transects 1, 1A and 2 in the raised field north of the baseball fields
Transects 1 and 2 were planned and located at a raised grassy field/ridge landform north of the
baseball fields. Approximately 15 STPs at 10-m intervals were planned for each transect. A total
of 16 STPs were excavated for Transect 1 and 15 STPs for Transect 2. Transects 1 and 2 were set
parallel to each other and 20-m apart across the grassy field giving good coverage (Plate 21). The
transects started at the south end near the baseball field fence and past a circular asphalt-paved
platform and adjacent dump pile (Plate 22) and proceeding north-northeast into the open field
(Plate 23). The southern half of Transect 1 was in a low field area bordering a wetland. Transect
IA was added between and 10-m equal distances from Transects 1 and 2 (Plate 24), from T 1 A-7
to T 1 A-15 and in alignment with T 1-7 to T 1-15 and T2-7 to T2-15. As a result, testing formed a
10-m grid across the area. No testing was conducted for T 1 A-1 to T 1 A-6 as this area was on steep
slope on the south end and ran centrally through a large dump pile of fill and debris as much as
1.5 to 2 m deep that includes a standing old rusted antenna tower that appears unstable and
possibly in danger of collapse.
STP T2-1 was located on the top of a rise 20-m from a utility pole with an underground utility
line at the baseball field fence, and with a steep slope between the fence and the top of the rise.
The location of T2-1 also includes a filled access road, but upon excavation below the road fill
intact plow zone (Apz), B and C horizons were encountered and excavated to 94 cmbs (Figure 18,
Plate 25). STP T 1-1 was located 5 m from the baseball field fence on low ground and did not
encounter fill. Natural A, B and C horizons were present at both STPs T 1-1 and T 1-2. No cultural
materials were present in any of the STPs.
From STPs T2-2 to T2-5 and T 1-3 to T 1-5 disturbed soil was encountered in both transects, no
doubt due to the presence of an asphalt-paved circular pad, an old steel antenna tower, and a
dumping area of multiple types of debris including fill, boulders, cut logs and compost.
Unmarked underground utilities not covered by Digsafe were also present. STPs T2-2 to T2-5
encountered fill, either to the base of excavation or to a truncated C horizon. Transect 1 from
STPs T 1-3 to T 1-4 ran through the dump pile (dump pile was 22 to 23 m across) so the STPs
were moved east off the pile. STPs T 1-3 to T 1-5 were in a low field area near wetlands and
encountered deep mixed hydric wetland soils—mostly consisting of a dark brown to dark grayish
brown wetland A horizon but with mixing of B/C horizon soils in it. STP T 1-5 exhibited
disturbed gravelly fill soils over a truncated B horizon and a hydric C horizon. No cultural
material was encountered from STPs T 1-1 to T 1-5 and T2-1 to T2-5 except for a cut nail from
STP T1-3 from 30-40 cmbs.
From STPs T 1-6 and T2-6 northward, terrain and soil conditions improved considerably and
consisted of a raised field gently sloping from west to east (Plates 21, 23 and 24). Stratigraphy
generally consisted of an Ao, Apz, B or B 1 and B2, and C horizon of sandy silt/silty sand and/or
silt loam/loamy silt or clayey silt as seen at STP T 1-14 (Figure 18) and at STP T2-7 (Plate 25). In
some cases the B horizon was not present possibly due to deep plowing or grading impacts, and
the Apz was directly over the C horizon as at STP T 1 A-7 (Figure 18) and at STP T2-7 (Plate 25).
Historic ceramic or glass fragments and nail fragments were recovered in low densities (with a
maximum of 10 artifacts at STP T 1-7) in STPs T 1-7, T 1-9, T 1-11, T 1-15, T 1 A-7, T 1 A-8, T 1 A-9,
T 1 A-11, T 1 A-14, T 1 A-15, T2-7, T2-10, T2-13, T2-14, and T2-16 (Appendix I). Artifacts were
recovered from the Apz and/or Apz/B interface, with one whiteware fragment recovered from the
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
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4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY
upper B horizon. Diagnostic historic artifacts date from between the late eighteenth century to
early nineteenth century (creamware and pearlware) to the mid nineteenth to twentieth century.
Occasional fragments of coal products were noted but not saved. The field was clean of modern
items such as plastics and recent bottle glass.
One portion of the field exhibited deep and significant filling, which was present in STPs T 1-8
(also hydric), T 1 A-9, T 1 A-10, and T 1 A-12 (Plates 27 and 28). Two adjacent STPs in Transect 1
and 1 A had natural soil strata with hydric conditions (STPs T 1-I I and T 1 A-8). It can be noted
that STP T 1 A-12 falls along a subtle swale in the field running along a northeast-southwest axis
that may be evidence of a filled drainage ditch (Plate 27). The fill at STP T 1-8 was over hydric
black clayey silt encountered at 40 cmbs. Fill at STP T 1 A-10 was similarly over a wetland A
horizon at 41 cmbs. In conclusion it appears that a wetland extended into this area and was filled
over, with the likelihood of a drainage channel also running through the area. To the north the
Apz was very thin at STPs T 1-12, T 1-13, T2-11 and T2-12, suggesting that the Apz was graded
off into the low areas to help level the field. The remainder of the STPs to the north of these had a
deeper and well defined Apz with intact B and C horizons.
Transects 3,3A,4 and 5 in the Baseball Field
Transects 3, 4 and 5 were laid out starting 5-m south from the baseball field fence with 10 STPs
each at 10-m intervals (Figure 17, Plates 29 and 30). Transect 3 was located 40-m west from the
northeast fenced corner of the baseball field; Transect 4 was 40-m west of Transect 3; and
Transect 5 was 40-m west of Transect 4. The initial testing at T4-1 confirmed that intact B and C
horizons were present below the A horizon, which was of apparent loam fill. As additional STPs
were excavated to the south, however, it became apparent that the entire field consisted of layers
of fill over a truncated C horizon, except near the north fence area. As a result of significant
disturbance in the playing fields, the testing for Transects 3 to 4 had five STPs per transect and
four STPs for Transect 5. Soil cores were taken from T3-6 to T3-10, T4-6 to T4-10, and T5-5 to
T5-10 and confirmed deep fill across the area and/or fill over truncated substrata. Two additional
transects were added, including Transect IA as previously noted, and Transect 3A set east-west
from STP T3-1 to T5-1. These two transects made use of the 16 STPs originally planned for the
playing fields that would have been located in deeply filled areas. Transect T3A was located
around STP T4-1 where natural stratigraphy was encountered.
STP T4-1 encountered silty Ao, Al, B1, and C horizons (Figure 19, Plate 31). The A horizon
quite likely consists of redeposited A soil or loam fill and may not be the native plowzone
encountered in the fields to the north. A very thin remnant B horizon was present over a silt C
horizon, suggesting truncation like that seen elsewhere in the baseball field. The Ao produced a
fragment each of window glass and whiteware ceramic, but the soil below this was sterile. The C
horizon was encountered at a depth of 30 to 35 cmbs and was uniform and of clean light
yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silt devoid of pebbles or cobbles. By a depth of 65 cmbs charcoal
pieces and soil discoloration were noted in the southwest corner area. The stain was exposed and
photographed (Plate 31) and carefully investigated as a possible cultural feature, with 1/8"
hardware cloth fine screening of the soil. Charcoal fragments continued to be scattered in the area
to a depth of 87 cmbs, with blotchy irregular patches or streaks of discoloration with a strong
brown soil color consistent with burning but also variable grayish brown and dark yellowish
brown mottling, patches and streaks. The staining undercut the clean C horizon and lacked
anything of a defined shape, forming an amorphous pattern in the south and west profiles. The
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
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4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY
overall soil pattern is consistent with burned and rotted tree roots, possibly a natural fire
occurrence or from a land clearing event with stump burning. No cultural material was
encountered through the fine screening or excavation, nor was there calcined bone or other
charred organic materials like nutshells, only charcoal flecks, of which a sample of charcoal and
soil was taken.
STPs T4-2 to T4-5 encountered A-loam fill over mixed and mottled fill, or stony fill as at STP
T4-3, over the truncated substratum encountered between 38 and 50 cmbs (Plate 32). Historic
ceramic and glass fragments and wire nail fragments were recovered from the A-loam fill.
A similar pattern of fill was present in STPs T3-1 to T3-5, with a piece of colorless embossed
bottle base recovered from 51 to 61 cmbs in fill at STP T3-1. Fill was over 78 cm deep at STP
T3-1, and continued below the depth of excavation at STPs T3-1 to T3-3. Truncated hydric
substrata were encountered below the fill at STPs T3-4 and T3-5, with ferric staining and iron
concretions indicating a filled wetland in the eastern part of the baseball field.
Transect 5 also yielded a similar pattern of fill in the STPs, with fill over truncated substratum at
STP T5-1 and fill exceeding 55 cm depth, continuing below the depth of excavation at STPs T5-2
to T5-4 (Figure 19). The testing was so fruitless that it was halted after STP T54 and located in
better areas, with soil cores taken for the remainder of the test flags on Transects 3, 4 and 5
confirming deep fill across the baseball field.
Transect 3A was set-in east-west from STP T3-1 to T5-1 (Plate 33), with T3A-1 located 5-m west
of T3-1; T3A-4 located 5-m east of T4-1; T3A-5 located 5-m west of T4-1; and T3A-7 located
15-m east of T5-1. This allowed for testing 5-m east and west of STP T4-1 where the apparent
tree burn was identified. At T3A-1 two layers of fill were present over buried A, B and C
horizons (Figure 19). A fragment each of brick and ironstone ceramic and three cut nail fragments
were recovered from the buried A, between 50 and 70 cmbs; STP T3A-1 was excavated into the
C horizon to a depth of 90 cmbs without further cultural material. Three layers of fill were
encountered at STP T3A-2, exceeding 60 cmbs. The STPs from T3A-3 to T3A-7 had two layers
of fill over the truncated C horizon, with fill diminishing in depth from 42 cmbs at T3A-3 to 33
cmbs at T3A-7. STPs T3A-4 and T3A-5, each 5-m from STP T4-1, were excavated below the fill
another 30 cm into the sterile C horizon to 65 cmbs and 66 cmbs, respectively; no cultural
material was encountered. Besides than the artifacts recovered from STP T3A-1, only one
fragment of brick was recovered from 0-10 cmbs at STP T3A-7. The substrata at STPs T3A-6
and T3A-7 were noted as wetland soils, with hydric conditions at STP T3A-7. It appears that this
part of the field was a filled wetland. In conclusion, it appears that much of the baseball field may
have consisted of wetlands prior to the construction of the playing fields.
JTPs 1 to 3 in the grassy front yard
JTPs were proposed for testing for the graded grassy yard fronting on Osgood Street, south of the
baseball fields and driveway entrance/exit and east and north of parking lots. Three JTPs (JTP 1
to JTP 3) were excavated across the area, avoiding utilities (Figure 17). All three JTPs
encountered an A-loam fill over a truncated brownish yellow (10Yr 6/6) sand C horizon. Most
likely this area had consisted of an upland rise that had been excavated down to a level yard and
loam added.No cultural material was encountered.
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY
Southern Area
Most of the southern portion of the project area consists of excavated and leveled ground used for
parking lots or truncated yard areas. The wooded hill south of the parking lots retained natural
stratigraphic integrity, is near a natural brook, and has well drained sandy soils. Transect 6 was
located to test on top of the hill near the cutaway slope where the LOD is adjacent(Plate 34). The
testing was located to identify whether there is a cultural resource in proximity to the LOD that
may require avoidance and protection. A total of 15 STPs were planned and excavated at 10-m
intervals, avoiding steep slope and cutaway bank(Figure 20).
Transect 6 STPs from T6-1 to T6-11 typically encountered silty sand Ao, Ae, Al, B or B 1 and
B2, and C horizons (Figure 21, Plate 35). The A horizon (Ao, Ae and Al) varied from less than
20 cm to as much as 38 cm thick from STPs T6-1 to T6-7. The B horizon varied in thickness
from 8 cm to over 35 cm. The C horizon typically was of silty sand and gravel glacial till with
pebbles and cobbles. From STPs T6-8 to T6-11 disturbance was variable and related to a sunken
dirt road that narrowed the test area between the cut edge of the hill and the dirt road. The road
likely preceded the 1600 Osgood building complex as a farm road. Fill soils 35 cm deep covered
natural A 1, B and C strata at STP T6-8. Mixed soils were present at STP T6-10, but this could be
the result of a tree throw. STPs T6-9 and T6-11 exhibited natural Ao, Al, B 1 and C horizons.
From STP T6-12 to T6-14 an artificial raised and leveled area was present with younger trees,
approaching the thinning wood line to the west. Soils consisted of fill/redeposited grading spoils
from 54 to 58 cm deep over a truncated C horizon, the result of machine grading. The final STP
in the transect STP T6-15 encountered natural Ao, thin Al, B 1 and C horizons in an area that
otherwise was getting increasingly disturbed. No cultural material was encountered in any of the
STPs. Historically the area may have been wooded and not plowed.
JTPs 4 and 5 in the grassy front yard
JTPs were proposed for testing for the graded grassy yard fronting on Osgood Street, north of the
driveway entrance road and south and east of parking lots. Two JTPs (JTP 4 and JTP 5) were
excavated across the area, avoiding utilities (Figure 20). Both JTPs encountered an A-loam fill
over a very pale brown or yellow (10Yr 7/4 to 7/6) sand and gravel hard pan, most likely glacial
till. Based on the way the hills to the south were completely excavated leaving steep cutaway
banks down to the yard and parking lots, this front yard area most likely had consisted of an
upland rise that had been excavated to create a level yard with loam added. No cultural material
was encountered.
Western Area
The western area of the Project Area consists primarily of parking lots and a low hydric field.
However, there is a small raised area along the western property fence within an open dirt field
that retains natural A, B 1, B2 and C horizons. For the latter area, a test transect was proposed
along the fence line in the intact area with a transect (Transect 7) of up to 15 STPs; in all 16 STPs
were excavated. In addition, one to two JTPs were proposed to test the truncated field for buried
paleosols and two JTPs were excavated. Another one to two JTPs were proposed for the filled
raised area near the fenced railroad ROW that appeared to be of deep built-up fill; one JTP was
excavated(Figure 22).
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY
JTPs 6 and 6N and Transect 7
JTP 6 was proposed to test the truncated field near the western fence line. Soil cores taken in the
field indicated that the area had been stripped, with redeposited C-fill soils on top. JTP 6 was
located on the highest point of the field (Plate 36), 20-m east-northeast from STP T7-2 (Figure
22). To the south the terrain dropped downslope to a wetland in a drainage ditch while to the
north the ground gently sloped down toward the parking lot. At JTP 6, 48 cm of fill was
encountered over a buried Apz, thin B, and C horizon, excavated to the maximum depth of 120
cmbs (Figure 21, Plate 37). A butchered unburned medium/large mammal bone fragment was
recovered from the fill at 0 to 10 cmbs, which may be modern but certainly of historic origin. No
other cultural materials were present. As a result of identifying intact stratigraphy, a second JTP
was located 10-m to the north as JTP 6N; fill was present to a depth of 23 cmbs over a thin
truncated B/C horizon and C horizon. Styrofoam was noted in the fill. No other cultural materials
were encountered. The strata at JTP 6N indicate that truncation was deeper to the north of JTP 6
and that buried Apz and B horizons were localized in their extent to an area less than 10-m in
size.
Transect 7 was set in along the fence line from STPs T7-1 to T7-16 (Figure 22). STP T7-16 was
added as it was the last location on a natural rise before the excavated parking lot reached all the
way to the fence line. As noted during the earlier assessment, the terrain rose up approaching
within 2 m of the fence line as much as 80 cm or more. Coring had identified a natural or plowed
A horizon, with B 1, B2 and C horizons below. The limited band that remained of the natural
topography was deemed worth testing to determine if a precontact site was present as this area
was closer to the Merrimack River than the other test areas.
In general natural Ao, A 1, B or B 1 and B2, and C horizons were present from STP T7-1 to T7-16
(Figure 21). A number of STPs had an overburden of fill on top of the natural soil horizons. This
was true for STPs T7-1, T7-2, and T7-9 (Plate 38). Intact Ao, A, B or B1 and B2, and C soil
horizons were also present at STPs T7-3, T7-4, T7-5, T7-10, T7-11, T7-15 and T7-16. Truncated
or otherwise disturbed upper soil horizons were present at STPs T7-7 and T7-8. Significant
truncation was present at STPs T7-6 and T7-12 to T7-14, where an Ao/A-fill was present over a
truncated C horizon. The variability was due to former grading in proximity to the fence line,
which in some areas cut down the bank near the fence and in other areas added a berm of grading
spoils to it.No cultural material was encountered, other than one coal fragment noted at STP T7-6
from 0-10 cmbs in fill.
JTP 7
JTP 7 was excavated on the top of a rise near the fenced railroad ROW that coring indicated was
constructed of deep built-up fill (Figure 22). JTP 7 was excavated deep to attempt to identify
buried natural stratigraphy. The test pit quickly confirmed deep fill layers were present, with
banding evident. JTP 7 was excavated to 100 cmbs and encountered no less than eight fill layers,
heavily compacted from a depth of 15 cm on, and with subangular cobbles from 70 cmbs on as
well as hydric conditions with the water table present. Fill layers were commonly dark, ranging
from black to dark brown sandy silt, but included several layers of pale brown, brownish yellow
or dark yellowish brown sandy silt. Some layers were heavily mottled. No cultural material was
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY
encountered. The built-up area may be related to protecting the edge of the railroad right-of-way
as this area may have been excavated at one time.No intact stratigraphy was identified.
Summary
A total of 100 STPs was excavated in the Project Area and no precontact artifacts were
encountered, only occasional or low density occurrences of historic or modern artifacts dating
primarily from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Most of these artifacts came from
landscaping fill in the ball fields or from plowzone contexts in the field north of the ball fields.
No archaeological sites were identified.
The lack of precontact cultural material is noteworthy for the Project Area. To the north of the
Project Area and north of the stream that is outside of the Limit of Disturbance is the Chadwick
Farm site (19-ES-155), where a large collection of artifacts was reportedly taken by George G.
Chadwick from about 1900 to 1915 while working in his gardens. The original site was described
by Frederick Luce in the early 1900s as occupying nearly two acres of a low and narrow ridge
that extends nearly east and west to the Merrimack River that formed an area "High, Dry and
Cool". The small stream and gently sloping banks allowed access to that site in an area otherwise
with steep banks along the Merrimack River. The northern field in the Project Area is a north-
south oriented ridge that drops to the south to the playing fields, to the west to a large parking lot,
to the north to wetlands and the stream, and to the east to a meandering branch of the stream and
wetlands. The ridge appears favorable for campsites and is in immediate proximity to fresh water.
The impacts to the field—plowing and grading, localized filled areas and a paved area— cannot
explain the lack of precontact cultural material with the level of testing at 10-m intervals
conducted across the land form.
The Chadwick Farm site (19-ES-155) reportedly produced approximately 250 projectile points
and other artifacts dating from the Early Archaic Period to the Transitional Archaic or Early
Woodland Period. Unless the collection of artifacts attributed to the Chadwick Farm site was
congregated from multiple locales, which we have no record to suggest, the lack of precontact
artifacts in the Project Area as close as it is to a significant precontact site seems enigmatic. Three
possibilities are advanced here: 1)the Project Area is separated from the Chadwick Farm site by a
wide wetland and the stream diminishes in depth and width making access un-navigable by canoe
and difficult to reach; 2) the two acre Chadwick Farm site area may have been so easily accessed
and favorable for habitation to Native Americans that it was favored exclusively over areas to the
south of the stream; and 3) other precontact sites may have been located west of the Project Area
but closer to the Merrimack River in the areas impacted by the railroad or by other earth-moving
activities.
4.3 RECOVERED CULTURAL MATERIAL
A total of 97 items were recovered from the intensive survey, of which 93 artifacts and one bone
fragment are of historic origin; two charcoal fragments and a charcoal sample are of unknown age
and lack associated cultural materials (Table 3, Appendix I). STPs that were positive for historic
artifacts include T1-3, T1-71 T1-9, T1-111 T1-15, T1A-7, T1A-8, T1A-9, T1A-11, T1A-14, T1A-
15, T2-7, T2-10, T2-131 T2-141 T2-16, T3-1, T3-2, T3-3, T3A-1, T3A-7, T44, T4-2, T4-3, T4-4,
T4-5, T5-1 and JTP 6.
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
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4.0 RESULTS OF THE INTENSIVE SURVEY
Table 3. Summary of cultural materials recovered from the intensive surve .
Material T1 T1A T2 T3 T3A T4 T5 JTP Total
6
Brick 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 13
Redware, lead-glazed, 2 1 1 4 8
missing surfaces
Creamware, 1762-1820 1 1 1 1 4
Pearlware, 1779-1830 1 1
Whiteware, 1820+ 3 1 2 8 14
Rockingham, 1830-1920 1 1
Ironstone, 1842+ 1 1
Ball clay pipe stem 1 1
Glass button 1 1
Bottle glass, Free-blown/ 2 2
mold-blown
Bottle glass, mold-blown 1 1 2
Bottle glass, mold-blown/ 2 1 2 5 10
machine-made
Bottle glass, machine-made 1 1
Lamp Glass 1 2 1 4
Window glass 3 4 1 5 13
Window glazing/putty 3 3
Nails,wrought/cut 1 1
Nails, cut 2 2 3 7
Nails,wire 1 2 3
Nails, indeterminate 1 1
Ferrous hardware,bolt 1 1
Ferrous cap (fencing?) 1 1
Med/Large mammal bone, 1 1
butchered
Charcoal Fragments/ 2 1 3
Sample
Total 21 9 19 9 6 31 1 1 97
Historic artifacts were few and scattered, with the exception of an isolated concentration of nine
ceramic and glass fragments and one cut/wrought nail fragment at STP T 1-7. With rare exception,
most artifacts were recovered from the plow zone in the northern half of Transects 1, 1A and 2
(from STPs T 1-6 to T 1-15, T 1 A-7 to T 1 A-15, and T2-7 to T2-16) and from fill contexts in the
baseball fields from Transects 3, 3A, 4, and 5. Exceptions include a cut nail fragment from the
plowzone from T 1-3; a whiteware fragment from the B horizon at T2-10; one fragment each of
brick and ironstone and three cut nail fragments from a buried A horizon at T3A-1; and a
mammal bone fragment from fill at JTP 6.
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
S A CONCLUDING SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5*0 CONCLUDING SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The archaeological intensive (locational) survey for the proposed 1600 Osgood Street
Redevelopment Project was conducted under Permit 3995 issued by the State Archaeologist. A
total of 100 test pits (50-x-50 cm) was excavated, with 92 test pits along nine transects and eight
judgmentally-placed test pits in areas ranging from a wooded hill to open fields, landscaped yard
areas and ball fields. No archaeological sites were identified and no precontact artifacts were
encountered. A total of 94 historic or modern artifacts were recovered, primarily dating from the
nineteenth to twentieth century. Most artifacts came from landscaping fill or plowzone contexts
and none are considered to be of potential significance.
No further archaeological investigation is recommended for the Project as proposed.
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1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
6.0 REFERENCES CITED
6.0 REFERENCES CITED
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34
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
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1977 Early and Middle Archaic Site Distributions and Habitats in Southern New England. In
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1830 A Plan of Andover. https://www.digitalcommonwealth.ora/
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35
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
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Koteff, Carl
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Larsen, Frederick, and Joseph Hartshorn
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2020 Project Notification Form for the Proposed Redevelopment for Hillwood Enterprises, LP.
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36
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
6.0 REFERENCES CITED
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37
1600 OSGOOD STREET REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TOWN OF NORTH ANDOVER,ESSEX COUNTY,MASSACHUSETTS
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E >
NORTH, �cusrrs
FASTING CHAIN LINK •.. �<` f1� j� .... ................ -
FENCE TO SE MAINTAIN - ram,$ � � ........,_ � �C C'SO L EROSION S.�
1
AS CONSTRUCTION FENCING
ii
SEDIMENT
■ Shovel test at 10m intervals
0 160ft , CONTROL PLAN
• Core at 10m intervals f
200 Ft RIVER€RON- \, r _` ".....
Shovel test positive for historic artifacts 0 40m > - - -. ," E. u.
h - t -
y
w
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e
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\ \ it CUTya I N f � i ttR12$ 14
Figure 17.Testing locations for Transects 1 to 5 and JTPs 1 to 3 in open ��
��
� v
Drown By
F fields and ball field in the North Area. ti � �� - O al 01
o 80 CM
SCALE IN FEET NLR Sheet 75 Of 106
FOR PERMIT ONLY,NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION Checked B
_
STP T1-14 STP T1 A-7 STP T2-1
East Wall West Wall North Wall
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o
r
rock 4\ \\\
3
e
O \ �
4
s s .. s .. sm .
1 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown clayey
1 10YR 3/3 dark brown clayey silt loam silt loam with roots(AO horizon)
with pebbles(AO horizon)
2 10YR 3/3 dark brown clayey silt loam
2 10YR 3/3 dark brown clayey silt loam with occasional pebbles(APZ horizon)
with occasional pebbles(APZ horizon)
3 2.5Y 6/6 olive yellow clayey silt(C horizon)
3 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown clayey silty 1 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silty sand
sand with occasional pebbles(B horizon) gravel with pebbles and cobbles(fill)
4 2.5Y 7/4 pale yellow clayey silty sand 2 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown and
(C horizon) 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown silty sand gravel
with pebbles and cobbles(mix of A and B fill)
3 10YR 3/3 dark brown silty sand(APZ horizon))
0 25cm
4 10YR 5/8 yellowish brown silty sand(B horizon)
0 1ft
5 2.5Y 7/4 pale yellow medium sand(C horizon)
Figure 18. Representative test pit profiles for Transects 1, IA and 2 in the north field area(STPs T 1-14,T 1 A-7, and T2-1).
STP T3-A-1 STP T4-1 STP T5-4
East Wall South Wall East Wall
J'fg ..
.�. tee;.�@¢ � •� ��4s £�@, �, � c�€ � '�
1
y
�,��y y� �\\, y\\yam \, � � -r .-,•.-. , �� �
3
3
1 10YR 7/6 yellow sand mottled with
10YR 2/1 black sandy silt(Fill I)
5
2 10YR 3/2 verydark grayish brown sand
g Y Y
silt mottled with 10 YR 6/6 brownish
II d(Fill )
yellow sand Fi I
3 10YR 5/6 dark yellowish brown sand
mottled with 10YR 3/2very dark grayish
1 10YR 3/3 dark brown clayey silt sand 1 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silty loam brown sand(Fill II)
with occasional pebbles and cobbles (AO horizon)
(Fill)
2 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loamy silt
2 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown clayey silt sand (Al horizon) 0 25cm
with occasional pebbles(Fill)
3 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown silt(B1 horizon)) 0 1ft
3 10YR 3/3 dark brown clayey silt sand
with occasional pebbles(buried A horizon)) 4 2.5Y 6/4 light yellowish brown silt(C horizon)
4 2.5Y 6/6 olive yellow clayey silt(B horizon) 5 7.5YR 4/6 strong brown silt with charcoal
flecks
5 2.5Y 6/4 light yellowish brown clayey silt
(C horizon)
Figure 19. Representative test pit profiles for Transects 3A, 4 and 5 in the baseball field(STPs T3A-1,T4-1, and T54).
1 2 3 ? 4 5 7 8
LEGEND
SYMWX TtT E
ti EMNGINLET
PROTECTION_J Ce .,
PROTECTION
� STRUcncrTR,c + PROPOSED INLET
WASHRAGK.WATER TO BE
1
PROPERTY sUPPUrDT BY CONTRACTOR\ QSGWD STREET
{TYP}
WRAP PROTECTION
�. rtop
$
_
CONCRETE:> _ 001IRSANCE
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c�
WASHOUT
y\ ,_ _ BERM&VLTF$JCE
Archaeologicall sTRAwwATTLE
sensitive wooded
Parkin lots Parkin lots coNsTRucnoN hill outsideAlAl �f
Limit of � �
JP
_...... � FENCING(T!P)
Disturbance
Cut-aura hillside
III ■ ot ____- eA
- r TGa`D3i7FFR ARE e Q
® y_11_ f ------- Qr TRAP
_ —
B 50,No BUILD
X BUFFER
D�4T Steep slops
:.. fTTtA77[;iF @1S#tJ
—.: BISTUR6ANf.'E' P h y
25'-NO DISTURB BUFFER PROTECTION AREA
' .. 7 007 G07 do7—L-007 dam=x No Rrs - "�-�: Ea TTl�c sro�at urn t
€r, groP... tee —-t i' `
ROM PROTECTED
��P06 .E
SOIL EROSION
%
'`- $TOR PIPET
RE {rr j STOOPILEAREA
SrAIRLIM)DIVERSION CHANNEL
......... - - _ / wrtr4srorrE CHUN c
-NI _. _ Steep-slops
coNsnaicTiON P6VfTNG
IN F
} T6®1
E.!STING DRAINAGE TO BE .i 1 FOOTPRINT
' Parkin lots INTAINED AND PROTECTED
'' # _'
g RING CONSTD23CT7pN(TYPE O�tF(EWASHOUT
TP :. El
EXISTING DRAINAGE TO BE _ ----. ----.
U TIL REMOVED
AND AND
PLAf
UN73L REtt}Y€D AN[)REPLACED \ r` SORT ROUC18xENG
t
lop
, Cut-away Cut-away hillside ' ;10I117 19 SEER REs�EW REVISIONS 1
STOCKPILE j Date Description No.
Archaeologically
ically
sensitive wooded REVISIONS
-- hill at edge of Limit
-------- I
of Disturbance
F
,
,
D '(
_ _
I
Bit, IF
T ®1
LANGAN
■ Shovel test at 1 Um intervals Cut-awayhillside cc+. CTION FENCING
_ Langan Engineer and
TO ME EXISTING CHAIN 3 s Env! c
- Environmental
Services,
0 160ft P_ar in .lots EXISTING
B Intact Soil 61 Newbu Strees Inc.
.�
€ - MAINTAIN TER - - Boston,MA O24f5
aTAI AN AS PERIMETER horizons =
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TE A FO U S Approximate Limits
E AuE DELkEATION RUN T
i
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I to earlier hillside
N
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_ APR
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ate
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- - - _
A AREA
- Drown By
F
e
�0 0 40 80 CDR
Figure 20.Testing locations for Transect 6 on wooded hill top and JTPs 4 to 5 in grassy yard area in the South Area. FOR PERMIT"ONLY,NOT FOR CONSTR CTION � I FEET r hecked By
ALE NLK Sheet 76 of 106
�...:; ..-<12_-<v.^ .. 5.-T�+ .E 4_
STP T6-7 STP T7-16 JTP 6
East Wall West Wall North Wall
3 ' 3
. e
3
1 10YR 4/3 brown leaf litter(AO horizon) 1 leaf litter(AO horizon)
\V y� �\ \ may~
2 10YR 4/3 brown loamy silt(Al horizon)
4 off\
2 10YR 6/1 gray silt sand odzol \��.
g Y y P
3 10YR 4/2-4/3 dark grayish brown-brown 3 10YR 5/6 light yellowish brown silty sand
silty sand(Al horizon)) (131 horizon)
4 10YR 5/6-5/8 yellowish brown silty sand 4 10YR 7/3 very pale brown very fine sandy
silt(Cl horizon) 5
(131 horizon)
5 10YR 6/4-7/6 light yellowish brown-yellow
silty sand(Cl horizon)
0 25cm 1 10YR 4/3 brown silty clayey loam with
occaisional pebbles(Fill)
0 1ft
2 10YR 4/3 brown clayey silt with 2.5Y 6/6
olive yellow clayey silt with occaisional
pebbles(Fill mix of A and C horizons)
3 10YR 3/3 dark brown clayey silt with
occaisional pebbles(A horizon)
4 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown clayey silt
with occaisional pebbles(B horizon)
5 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown clayey
silt(C horizon)
Figure 21. Representative test pit profiles for Transects 6 and 7 in the south and west sensitive areas (STPs T6-7, T7-16, and JTP 6).
t 2 3 4 3 6 7 8
43 t -
F 4
- - -7 77—
,.
�... .�
x
GEND
...................
- -
lop u]p
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c
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.! \ - \:. PROPC SW INLET
AI;r. :-i .._..._....�.. _....__..�.�� ........_ .. 12 .\' PROTECTION
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ia
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AREA
o
.................................:.................................._.............................................................:...............-------........ -- ExsnNG SIORM LM
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° - - --APPROXIMATE 200' -..T.S FORASLtN GASPCSSIBLE
........................... __ ...._ .._ f FT RIVERI"ONT --e-."-- - --
SOIL UX)SION
/ .} 00'BUFFER AR a CONTROL BLANKET
PIPE RUN TO BE USED IN PHASE'2' - AAFit
'\ ............ FOR OUTLET of SEDIMENT 8ASW4 STOOKPILE��
AREA k _ IP _
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VVMi STOW GiECK DAMS
AUL DELIN EATION .... .... ; .-. b
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PIPE RUN TO BE USED IN PHASE 2 FOOTPRINT-
i
l :: `,, ---. .... ...... : + FOR OUTLET OF SEDIMENT BASIN 5
: \ Parking lot $ El CONCRE,E wAK%1T
} � - Buried tank CONSTRUCTION
FENCING(TYR)�I - +G
Parking lot -I-
........ ,' � SOIL ROUGHENING
t
• tQj17f19 PEER P€VI€W Re'SiONS 1
PiPE RUN-TORE USL'O IN Ft1AS;=2
\ T• OUTLET OF 21dEI�7 BASIN S -- ___. _ �_� � � �: � r • j`,��� � � - }i
;'-.EXISTING CHAIN LINK FENCE.TO � s ----_- - --� '• _ : 1 �e ` *� x Dote Description No.
,;BE MAINTAINED AS PERIMETER '......� Artificial rise
----. ----. f -- � �
CONSTRUCTION ENCINc ' :. '.� — :• \ REVISIONS
wlth� eep ll � t f — ti� E,
- - •�C(SHADED)
'� •. \
zeND x Es€IAD l _ _ e Q ZONE AE ,
r:
D PROP€RTv r _ LIMIT DISTURBANCE(Tr) Parkinglit coNeTuTON°
LINE(�P) \ ENCNG TO MEET
1 .' / F l EXISTING NK CHAIN
' I ray _ 1 LINK€€IVCE�/
� � \ Steep aYtk,3€ER AREA
-� �o wetland field
LANGAN
\ \
APPROXIMATE
, f OQ'BUFFER AREA.
` ? 200 FT RiVERFRIINT -� .... ..
WETLAND LIMITS -£ i 1 x? .. `" E d
APPROXIMATE � 25'NO DISTURB BUFFER �- �� / E� Langan Engineering and
200 FT RIVERFRONT -! :� Environmental.t1eNIC25,Inc.
t
f
�ranse�t 7 � � _` ��,N€w4€:ry3Sr�of
Truncated field
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TT I:
00
LINEO ' 1600 OSCOOD STREET
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Parking lot integrityhorizons
edge
�.
■ Shovel test at 10m intervals
x Draw(71J L ERIO ION
Shovel test positive for historic � - �� �� ��� � _ � �
SEDIMENT
9-� bone fragment CONTROL PLAN
0 160ft PRASE 111
0 40m Protect No. Drawing No.
Date
t �ats �����
Figure 22.Testing locations for Transeet 7 by fence and JT s 6 and 6 in grassy truncate field 0 Q 40 Drawn B
CDR
F and JTP 7 on built-up/filled field in the West Area. FOR PERMIT ONLY,NOT FOR CONSTRICTION �-''�•' Checked By
Sheet 77 of 106
Plates
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Plate 1. South entrance into 1600 Osgood Street,view northeast.
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J Plate 3. Cut-away wooded hillside at south end of Limit of Disturbance,view southwest.
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Plate 4. Wooded hillside by south end of Limit of Disturbance,view west.
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Plate 5. Cut-away hillside at south end of parking lots,view west.
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Plate 6. Cut-away and graded slopes at south end of Limit of Disturbance,view southeast.
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Plate 7. Buried tank on filled rise at southwest Limit of Disturbance,view west.
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Plate 8. Parking lots to be removed at west side of development area,view east.
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Plate 9. Parking lot fringed by wetlands at southwest end of Limit of Disturbance,view
northwest. Municipal landfill and industrial complex is beyond the border of trees.
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Plate 10. Truncated field at west end of Limit of Disturbance with some intact soils
by fence,view west.
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Plate 11. Hydric clayey field/wetland at west end of Limit of Disturbance,view north
across field to filled bank.
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ferr� J" ,a""i „, �„ w;/r' / { ,;NI. -�j.,i !v= ;,,,r,li� .,i"' „ 11��„9`1'r, f,.uP,�i I ,1,-r�//��/� �Irr�i�r/r ✓ �i��
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Plate 12. Filled bank at fence by railroad and powerline at northwest end of Limit of
Disturbance,view north.
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Plate 13. Playing fields north of 1600 Osgood building complex,view south.
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Plate 14. Baseball field north of 1600 Osgood building complex,view southeast.
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Plate 15. Parking lot between fields and railroad,view southwest.
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Plate 16.North end of parking lot by raised rail bed,with low clayey field to north;
view west.
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Plate 17. Raised field at north end of Limit of Disturbance,view northeast.
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Plate 18. Raised field extending to playing fields east of parking lot,view southeast..
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Plate 19. Raised field with soil core in intact soils at north end of Limit of Disturbance,
view south.
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Plate 20. Graded and paved circle on top raised field near playing fields,view southwest..
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Plate 22. Testing at STPs T2-3 to T2-1 near paved circle and access road,view south.
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Plate 23. Testing at STP T2-6 in grassy field by mulch pile,view northeast.
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Plate 24. Transect 1 A was added(in foreground)between Transect 1 (in background)
and Transect 2,view northeast.
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Plate 25. North wall profile of STP T2-1 to 94 cmbs exhibiting Plate 26.North wall profile of STP T2-7 to 64 cmbs exhibiting
a buried plowzone and B and C horizons below surface an upper plowzone over a truncated C horizon,
fill, view north; vertical scale is in 5-cm increments. view northeast.
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Plate 27. Testing at STP T 1 A-12 in grassy field,view northeast; Plate 28. East wall profile of STP T 1 A-12 to 72 cmbs exhibiting
vertical scale is in 5-cm increments, north arrow scale multiple sand fill layers in what may be a filled wetland
is in 10-cm increments. or trench, view southeast; scales are in 5-cm increments.
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Plate 29. Testing at STPs T3-1 to T3-4 in the baseball field,view south.
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Plate 30. Testing at STPs T4-1 to T4-4 in the baseball field,view southeast.
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Plate 31. STP T4-1 at 67 cmbs with soil stain and charcoal flecks in Plate 32. South wall profile of STP T4-3 to 71 cmbs exhibiting
southwest corner but no cultural material—possible tree burn; fill layers over a truncated C horizon,view south;
view south; vertical scale is in 5-cm increments,north arrow vertical scale is in 5-cm increments.
scale is in 10-cm increments.
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Plate 33. Transect 5 testing from T5-1 to T5-3 (in background) and east-west Transect
3A added between STPs T3-1 and T5-1 (to right),view southwest.
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Plate 34. Testing at STP T6-1 on top wooded hill south of parking lots,view east.
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Plate 35.North wall profile of STP T6-5 to 59 cmbs exhibiting thin
natural Ao,A 1,B 1, B2 and C soil horizons,view north;
scales are in 5-cm increments.
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Plate 36. Testing at JTP 6 in field near Transect 7 testing along fence,view northwest
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Plate 37.North wall profile of JTP 6 to 120 cmbs exhibiting a buried Plate 38.North wall profile of T7-9 to 71 cmbs exhibiting buried
plowzone and B and C horizons below surface fill, view north; Al B and C horizons below surface fill,view north;
scales are in 5-cm increments. scales are in 5-cm increments.
APPENDIX I —
Artifacts Catalogue
April 14,2020
1600 Osgood Street Intensive Survey Catalogue, North Andover, MA Page 1
Area Unit Laver Depth Ban Cat.# Era Class Material Color Description Detail Qtv Portion Comments
North T1-3 Apz 30-40 cm. 1 1 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Cut 1 Near Intact
North T1-6 Apz 10-20 cm. 2 2 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Brown Glaze Redware Lead-glazed 1 Base Fragment
North T1-7 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 3 3 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Dk Blue Transfer Whiteware Transfer-Printed 1 Rim Fragment 1820+.
North T1-7 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 3 4 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Purple Transfer Whiteware Transfer-Printed 1 Body Fragment Heavily rounded/weathered;may be
poultry gastrolith;1828-1860.
North T1-7 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 3 5 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T1-7 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 3 6 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Clear Lamp Glass Free-Blown 1 Fragment Thin.
North T1-7 Apz 10-20 cm. 4 7 Historic Ceramic Ball Clay White/Tan Tobacco Pipe Stem 4/64"Bore 1 Stem Fragment
North T1-7 Apz 10-20 cm. 4 8 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Green Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T1-7 Apz 20-30 cm. 5 9 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Olive Bottle Glass Mold-Blown 1 Body Fragment Bubbles and whittle marks.
North T1-7 Apz 20-30 cm. 5 10 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick 1 Surface 1 Fragment
North T1-7 Apz 20-30 cm. 5 11 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Green Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T1-7 Apz 20-30 cm. 5 12 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Cut/Wrought Head/Shank 1 Fragment Corroded.
North T1-9 Apz 07-14 cm. 6 13 Historic Glass Pressed Glass White Button 4-hole,7/16"Diameter 1 Intact
North T1-9 Apz 07-14 cm. 6 14 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Green Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T1-9 Apz/B 34-40 cm. 7 15 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Redware Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T1-9 Apz/B 34-40 cm. 7 16 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Creamware Plain 1 Body Fragment Ca.1762-1820.
North T1-11 Apz/B 20-30 cm. 8 17 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1 Rim Fragment 1820+.
North T1-11 Apz/B 20-30 cm. 8 18 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Cut Corroded 1 Fragment
North T1-15 Apz 10-20 cm. 9 19 Historic Metal Ferrous Bolt W/Possible Washer 1 Near Intact Corroded.
North T1-15 Apz 20-30 cm. 10 20 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T1-15 Apz 20-30 cm. 10 21 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Brown Rockingham 1 Rim Fragment Ca.1845-1920.
North T1 A-7 Apz 10-20 cm. 11 22 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Redware Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T1 A-7 Apz 10-20 cm. 11 23 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1 Base Fragment 1820+.
North T1 A-7 Apz 10-20 cm. 11 24 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Cut Corroded 1 Near Intact
North T1 A-8 Apz 10-20 cm. 12 25 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Pearlware Plain 1 Fragment Ca.1779-1830.
North T1 A-9 Apz 10-20 cm. 13 26 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Lt Aqua Tint Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 1 Body Fragment
North T1 A-11 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 14 27 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Cut 1 Near Intact
North T1 A-14 Apz 10-20 cm. 15 28 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Lt Amethyst Tint Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 1 Body Fragment Paneled side.
North T1 A-14 Apz 20-30 cm. 16 29 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Creamware Plain 1 Fragment Ca.1762-1820.
North T1 A-15 Apz 30-40 cm. 17 30 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick 1 Surface 1 Fragment
North T2-7 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 18 31 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Creamware Plain 1 Base Fragment Ca.1762-1820.
North T2-7 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 18 32 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Aqua Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T2-7 Apz 10-20 cm. 19 33 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Clear Lamp Glass Free-Blown 2 Body Fragments Thin.
North T2-10 B1 30-40 cm. 20 34 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Flow Blue Transfer Whiteware Transfer-Printed 1 Base Fragment Ca.1844-1910.
North T2-13 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 21 35 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Aqua Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T2-13 Apz 10-20 cm. 22 36 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Redware Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T2-13 Apz 20-30 cm. 23 37 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1 Body Fragment 1820+.
North T2-13 Apz 30-40 cm. 24 38 Historic Glass Flat Glass Aqua Tint Window Glass Plate Glass 1 Fragment
April 14,2020
1600 Osgood Street Intensive Survey Catalogue, North Andover, MA Page 2
Area Unit Laver Depth Ban Cat.# Era Class Material Color Description Detail Qtv Portion Comments
North T2-13 Apz/B1 40-50 cm. 25 39 Unknown Charred Wood Charcoal Sample <1 g 2 Fragments
North T2-14 Apz 10-20 cm. 26 40 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Clear Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 1 Body Fragment
North T2-14 Apz 10-20 cm. 26 41 Historic Other Mineral Window Putty Glazing 3 Fragments
North T2-16 Ao/Apz 0-10 cm. 27 42 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick 1 Surface 2 Fragments
North T2-16 Apz 0-10 cm. 27 43 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Aqua Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T2-16 Apz 0-10 cm. 27 44 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Wire 1 Near Intact
North T3-1 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 28 45 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T3-1 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 28 46 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Aqua Tint Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 1 Body Fragment Paneled,corner.
North T3-1 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 28 47 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Clear Bottle Glass Machine-Made 1 Body Fragment
North T3-1 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 28 48 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Green Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T3-1 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 28 49 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Clear Lamp Glass Free-Blown 1 Body Fragment Thin.
North T3-1 Fill 51-61 cm. 29 50 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Clear Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 1 Base Fragment Embossed"152".
North T3-2 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 30 51 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T3-2 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 30 52 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Indeterminate Encrusted 1 Fragment
North T3-3 A/Fill 30-40 cm. 31 53 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T3A-1 Buried A 50-60 cm. 32 54 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick 2 Surfaces 1 Edge Fragment
North T3A-1 Buried A 50-60 cm. 32 55 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Cut 2 Fragments
North T3A-1 Buried A 60-70 cm. 33 56 Historic Ceramic Ironstone Flow Black Ironstone Transfer-Printed 1 Body Fragment
North T3A-1 Buried A 60-70 cm. 33 57 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Cut 1 Fragment
North T3A-7 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 34 58 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick 1 Surface 1 Fragment
North T4-1 Ao 0-10 cm. 35 59 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 2 Fragments
North T4-1 Ao 0-10 cm. 35 60 Historic Glass Flat Glass Aqua Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T4-1 C 57-65 cm. 36 61 Unknown Soil/Charcoal Sample 50ml Possible Root Burn 1 Sample irregular stain with charcoal,no
cultural material;probable root/tree
burn.
North T4-2 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 37 62 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Creamware Plain 1 Fragment Ca.1762-1820.
North T4-2 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 37 63 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1 Rim Fragment 1820+.
North T4-2 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 37 64 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Aqua Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T4-3 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 38 65 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Green Transfer Whiteware Transfer-Printed 1 Body Fragment 1828+.
North T4-3 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 38 66 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1 Fragment 1820+.
North T4-3 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 38 67 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Brown Glaze Redware Lead-glazed 3 Fragments Burned.
North T4-3 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 38 68 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Clear Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 1 Body Fragment Embossed"R".
North T4-3 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 38 69 Historic Metal Ferrous Square Cap Fastener In Center 1 Intact Probable fence cap.
North T4-3 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 39 70 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick 1 Surface 1 Fragment
North T4-3 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 39 71 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1 Body Fragment 1820+.
North T4-4 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 40 72 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Amber Bottle Glass Mold-Blown 1 Body Fragment Numerous bubbles in glass.
North T4-4 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 40 73 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Lt Aqua Tint Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 1 Body Fragment Paneled;corner fragment.
North T4-4 A/Fill 0-10 cm. 40 74 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Aqua Tint Window Glass 2 Fragments
North T4-4 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 41 75 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1 Fragment 1820+.
April 14,2020
1600 Osgood Street Intensive Survey Catalogue, North Andover, MA Page 3
Area Unit Layer Depth Bag Cat.# Era Class Material Color Description Detail Qty Portion Comments
North T4-4 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 41 76 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Redware Missing Surfaces 1 Fragment
North T4-4 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 41 77 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Amber Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Free-Blown 2 Body Fragments Pieces mend;numerous bubbles in
glass.
North T4-4 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 41 78 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Lt Aqua Tint Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 2 Body Fragments Paneled.
North T4-4 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 41 79 Historic Glass Vessel Glass Lt Aqua Tint Bottle Glass Mold-Blown/Machine-Made 1 Body Fragment Paneled/corner;embossed"..EEN".
North T4-5 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 42 80 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Whiteware Plain 1 Rim Fragment 1820+.
North T4-5 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 42 81 Historic Metal Ferrous Nail,Wire 2 Fragments Pieces mend.
North T4-5 A/Fill 20-30 cm. 43 82 Historic Glass Flat Glass Lt Aqua Tint Window Glass 1 Fragment
North T5-1 A/Fill 10-20 cm. 44 83 Historic Ceramic Earthenware Red Brick 2 Surfaces 1 Fragment
West JTP 6 Fill 0-10 cm. 45 84 Historic Bone/Teeth Bone Med/Large Mammal Vertebra,Butchered 1 Fragment Unburned.